Elucidating the Mechanism of Electro-Adsorption on Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membranes via Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membrane
2.2. Feed Solution
2.3. Dead-End Electrofiltration Experiments
Tested Parameters | Cell Potential (V) | pH of Feed Solution | Ionic Strength (mmol·L−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Membrane intrinsic surface charge | 5, 6, 7, 8 | 1 | |
External positive cell potential | +1.0, +1.5, +2.0, +2.5 | 5, 6, 7, 8 | 1 |
External negative cell potential | −1.0, −1.5, −2.0, −2.5 | 5, 6, 7, 8 | 1 |
2.4. Modelling Ion Concentration and Electrostatic Force
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Intrinsic Adsorption and Membrane Regeneration Using External Potential
3.1.1. Dye Intrinsic Adsorption
3.1.2. Membrane Regeneration Using External Potential
3.2. Electro-Adsorption at Varying Potential and pH
3.2.1. Electro-Adsorption at Varying Positive Potential
3.2.2. Electro-Adsorption at Varying pH
3.3. Membrane Regeneration Using Electro-Desorption at Varying Potential and pH
3.3.1. Membrane Regeneration Using Electro-Desorption at Varying Potential
3.3.2. Membrane Regeneration Using Electro-Desorption at Varying pH
4. Conclusions
- When no electrical potential was applied to the ECM surface, adsorption was due to the membrane’s intrinsic positive charge from amine groups. This intrinsic adsorption increased with decreasing pH due to the enhanced protonation of the amine groups.
- Applying a negative potential of −2.0 V led to partial electro-desorption (up to 39%) of BB ions via electrostatic repulsion. The MPB model indicated that this repulsive force extends up to 24 nm from the membrane surface, enabling this partial regeneration. At a constant potential, electro-desorption efficiency decreased as pH fell below the pHIEP due to the membrane’s increased intrinsic positive charge, countering the negative potential’s repulsive force.
- Using the ECM as an anode and applying positive potentials resulted in electrostatic attraction, facilitating the electro-adsorption of aqueous counterions on the ECM surface. The extent of electro-adsorption increased with higher applied positive potentials. The MPB model provided a comprehensive explanation for the experimentally observed electro-adsorption results. The electrostatic attractive force predicted by the MPB model at different positive potentials qualitatively agreed with the determined electro-adsorption loadings.
- The adsorption of BB ions on the ECM involves distinct mechanisms depending on the conditions: intrinsic membrane charge facilitates binding within the structure, while external positive potential induces electro-adsorption via direct electrostatic attraction.
- Applying a negative potential to the ECM when it serves as the cathode in electrofiltration utilizes electrostatic repulsion to detach negatively charged organic ions from the ECM surface. The magnitude of this negative potential, requiring a potential of at least −2.0 V for complete desorption, plays a crucial role in ensuring the membrane’s effective regeneration and sustained performance. Optimal electro-desorption occurred at pH levels equal to pHIEP, where the membrane’s neutral charge maximized electrostatic repulsion, enhancing counterions detachment during membrane regeneration.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Universal Constants | |||
(C) | 1.6 × 10−19 | ||
(mol−1) | 6.022 × 1023 | ||
(F/m) | 8.85 × 10−12 | ||
(J/K) | 1.38 × 10−23 | ||
Ions Parameters | |||
BB− | Na+ | ||
(nm) | 1.0 | (nm) | 0.45 |
−1 | +1 | ||
(mmol/l) | 0.0032 | (mmol/l) | 0.0032 |
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Usman, M.; Vahedi, S.; Glass, S.; Filiz, V.; Ernst, M. Elucidating the Mechanism of Electro-Adsorption on Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membranes via Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation. Membranes 2024, 14, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080175
Usman M, Vahedi S, Glass S, Filiz V, Ernst M. Elucidating the Mechanism of Electro-Adsorption on Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membranes via Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation. Membranes. 2024; 14(8):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080175
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsman, Muhammad, Shahrokh Vahedi, Sarah Glass, Volkan Filiz, and Mathias Ernst. 2024. "Elucidating the Mechanism of Electro-Adsorption on Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membranes via Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation" Membranes 14, no. 8: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080175