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Article

Seasonal Trends of Viral Prevalence and Incidence of Kawasaki Disease: A Korea Public Health Data Analysis

1
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
2
Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
3
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this study.
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(15), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153301
Submission received: 24 May 2021 / Revised: 21 July 2021 / Accepted: 22 July 2021 / Published: 27 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Vascular Medicine)

Abstract

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that occurs mainly in children under 5 years of age and is often accompanied by coronary artery lesions. The cause of the disease remains undetermined, but it is estimated to result from viral or bacterial infections. Certain studies have shown infection as a leading cause of KD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between KD incidence and viral infections in different pediatric age groups, using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) Open Access Big Data Platform, to confirm seasonal trends by analyzing monthly patterns. We investigated the HIRA data of KD patients (M30.3) who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin from 2015 to 2018. Weekly virus positive detection rate data (PDR) for this period was obtained from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency for human adenovirus (HAdV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), influenza virus (IFV), human coronavirus (HCoV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human bocavirus (HBoV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus. We then analyzed the weekly/monthly virus PDR and its association with KD incidence, including monthly incidence patterns, and seasonal trends. Seasonal trend analysis of the virus PDR was performed using the time series analysis method through ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average). Correlations between KD incidence and PDR at 1- and 2-month intervals were analyzed using the Granger test. A total of 16,740 patients were diagnosed with KD during the study period, mainly young children, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.35. Specifically, 15,635 (93%) patients were under 5 years of age, with an incidence rate of 172.4/100,000 person-years. Annually, the cumulative number of cases per month was the highest in January, with an average of 469 cases, and was the lowest in September, with an average of 291 cases, although most were diagnosed with KD in winter (29.3%). Granger tests showed that PDR for HRSV, rotavirus, and norovirus were related with KD incidence by 1 month, while PDR for HRSV, HRV, rotavirus, and norovirus by 2 months. This study found that detection rates of respiratory and enteric viruses preceded KD by 1–2 months. Further research is needed to confirm the association between these viruses and KD.
Keywords: Kawasaki disease; virus; children Kawasaki disease; virus; children

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lim, J.H.; Kim, Y.K.; Min, S.H.; Kim, S.W.; Lee, Y.H.; Lee, J.M. Seasonal Trends of Viral Prevalence and Incidence of Kawasaki Disease: A Korea Public Health Data Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153301

AMA Style

Lim JH, Kim YK, Min SH, Kim SW, Lee YH, Lee JM. Seasonal Trends of Viral Prevalence and Incidence of Kawasaki Disease: A Korea Public Health Data Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(15):3301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153301

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lim, Jae Hee, Yu Kyeong Kim, So Hyeon Min, Sang Won Kim, Young Hwan Lee, and Jae Min Lee. 2021. "Seasonal Trends of Viral Prevalence and Incidence of Kawasaki Disease: A Korea Public Health Data Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15: 3301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153301

APA Style

Lim, J. H., Kim, Y. K., Min, S. H., Kim, S. W., Lee, Y. H., & Lee, J. M. (2021). Seasonal Trends of Viral Prevalence and Incidence of Kawasaki Disease: A Korea Public Health Data Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(15), 3301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153301

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