Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents in Extra-Cranial District: State of the Art and Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review Method
3. Non-Adhesive EVOH Liquid Embolic Agents
4. NALEA Alone or Combined with Other Embolic Agents
5. Arterio-Venous Malformation
6. Thoracic Vascular Lesions
7. Endoleak
8. Visceral Aneurysms-Pseudoaneurysm
9. Tumor Embolization
10. Venous Embolization
11. Extravascular Approach
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Onyx | Squid | Phil | Easyx | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Molecule | Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer | Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer | Hydroxethylmethacrylate Copolymer | Iodinized Polyvinyl Alcohol Polymer Ether |
Preparation | 20 min shaking | 20 min shaking | Ready to use (preloaded in syringe) | Ready to use (vial) |
Radiopacity—Visibility | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Good |
Embolization power | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
Various Formulation (different viscosity) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Radiopaque agent | Tantalum | Tantalum | Iodine | Iodine |
Texture | Chewy | Chewy | Chalky | Chewy |
Injection Time | Minutes (0.016 mL/min) | Minutes | Minutes | Minutes (0.025 mL/min) |
Ct scan artifacts | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Solidification process | Co-polymerisation | Co-polymerisation | Co-polymerisation | Co-polymerisation |
Solvent needed | DMSO | DMSO | DMSO | DMSO |
Staining (tattoo effect) | Yes (black colour) | Yes (black colour) | No (opaque-white colour) | No (pearl-white colour) |
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Piacentino, F.; Fontana, F.; Curti, M.; Macchi, E.; Coppola, A.; Ossola, C.; Giorgianni, A.; Marra, P.; Mosconi, C.; Ierardi, A.M.; et al. Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents in Extra-Cranial District: State of the Art and Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214841
Piacentino F, Fontana F, Curti M, Macchi E, Coppola A, Ossola C, Giorgianni A, Marra P, Mosconi C, Ierardi AM, et al. Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents in Extra-Cranial District: State of the Art and Review of the Literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(21):4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214841
Chicago/Turabian StylePiacentino, Filippo, Federico Fontana, Marco Curti, Edoardo Macchi, Andrea Coppola, Christian Ossola, Andrea Giorgianni, Paolo Marra, Cristina Mosconi, Anna Maria Ierardi, and et al. 2021. "Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents in Extra-Cranial District: State of the Art and Review of the Literature" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21: 4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214841