Association of Self-Reported Functional Limitations among a National Community-Based Sample of Older United States Adults with Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Data
2.2. Study Eligibility
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Outcome Variable
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Weighted N = 57,051,651 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Limitation (Weighted N = 22,417,233) Weighted % (95% CI) | No Functional Limitation (Weighted N = 34,634,419) Weighted % (95% CI) | ||||
Predisposing factors: | |||||
Gender | <0.0001 | ||||
Female | 60.4 (57.8–62.9) | 51.9 (50.2–53.7) | |||
Male | 39.6 (37.1–42.2) | 48.1 (46.3–49.8) | |||
Age | <0.0001 | ||||
≥65 years | 59.8 (57.1–62.6) | 45.3 (42.9–47.7) | |||
50–64 years | 40.2 (37.4–42.9) | 54.7 (52.3–57.1) | |||
Race | 0.5393 | ||||
White | 80.7 (78.7–82.7) | 81.4 (79.4–83.4) | |||
Other | 19.3 (17.3–21.3) | 18.6 (16.6–20.6) | |||
Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 92.4 (91.0–93.9) | 88.3 (86.6–90.0) | |||
Hispanic | 7.6 (6.1–9.0) | 11.7 (10.0–13.4) | |||
Enabling factors: | |||||
Education level | <0.0001 | ||||
<High school | 19.6 (17.4–21.8) | 14.1 (12.6–15.6) | |||
High school | 33.6 (31.4–35.7) | 32.7 (30.6–34.7) | |||
>High school | 46.8 (44.1–49.6) | 53.2 (50.8–55.7) | |||
Employment status | <0.0001 | ||||
Employed | 20.3 (17.7–22.9) | 51.1 (48.5–53.7) | |||
Unemployed | 79.7 (77.1–82.3) | 48.9 (46.3–51.5) | |||
Health insurance coverage | <0.0001 | ||||
Private | 50.7 (47.9–53.6) | 67.7 (65.6–69.8) | |||
Public | 47.0 (44.2–49.8) | 27.9 (25.9–29.9) | |||
Uninsured | 2.3 (1.6–3.0) | 4.4 (3.6–5.2) | |||
Income | <0.0001 | ||||
Poor/near poor/low income | 42.5 (39.4–45.7) | 25.5 (23.5–27.5) | |||
Middle/high income | 57.5 (54.3–60.6) | 74.5 (72.5–76.5) | |||
Marital status | <0.0001 | ||||
Married | 46.0 (43.0–49.0) | 64.4 (62.2–66.5) | |||
Other | 54.0 (51.0–57.0) | 35.6 (33.5–37.8) | |||
Need factors: | |||||
Perceived pain intensity | <0.0001 | ||||
Little/moderate | 56.5 (53.6–59.4) | 87.1 (85.5–88.6) | |||
Quite a bit/extreme | 43.5 (40.6–46.4) | 12.9 (11.4–14.5) | |||
Perceived mental health condition | <0.0001 | ||||
Excellent/very good/good | 77.5 (75.4–79.7) | 90.7 (89.6–91.8) | |||
Fair/poor | 22.5 (20.3–24.6) | 9.3 (8.3–10.4) | |||
Perceived physical health condition | <0.0001 | ||||
Excellent/very good/good | 56.5 (54.0–59.1) | 83.6 (82.1–85.2) | |||
Fair/poor | 43.5 (40.9–46.0) | 16.4 (14.8–17.9) | |||
Total number of prevalent chronic health conditions | <0.0001 | ||||
0 | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | 7.5 (6.2–8.8) | |||
1 | 3.3 (2.2–4.3) | 14.6 (13.2–16.0) | |||
2 | 11.3 (9.4–13.1) | 18.5 (16.7–20.2) | |||
3 | 14.7 (13.0–16.5) | 21.6 (19.8–23.3) | |||
4 | 17.8 (15.8–19.8) | 15.7 (14.3–17.2) | |||
≥5 | 52.1 (49.3–54.9) | 22.2 (20.4–23.9) | |||
Personal health practices and environmental factors: | |||||
Frequent physical activity status | <0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 31.6 (29.0–34.2) | 48.6 (46.2–51.0) | |||
No | 68.4 (65.8–71.0) | 51.4 (49.0–53.8) | |||
Current smoking status | 0.0098 | ||||
Yes | 16.7 (14.9–18.4) | 13.7 (12.2–15.2) | |||
No | 83.3 (81.6–85.1) | 86.3 (84.8–87.8) | |||
US census region | 0.0458 | ||||
Northeast | 17.0 (14.6–19.4) | 18.9 (16.9–21.0) | |||
Midwest | 22.7 (20.3–25.2) | 21.6 (19.4–23.9) | |||
South | 40.7 (37.8–43.6) | 36.6 (33.9–39.3) | |||
West | 19.5 (17.2–21.9) | 22.8 (20.4–25.3) |
Factors | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Predisposing factors: | |||
Gender | |||
Female | 1.24 (1.04, 1.47) | ||
Male | Reference | ||
Age | |||
≥65 years | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | ||
50–64 years | Reference | ||
Race | |||
White | 1.24 (1.03, 1.50) | ||
Other | Reference | ||
Ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic | 1.69 (1.31, 2.18) | ||
Hispanic | Reference | ||
Enabling factors: | |||
Education level | |||
<High school | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05) | ||
High school | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | ||
>High school | Reference | ||
Employment status | |||
Employed | 0.51 (0.41, 0.64) | ||
Unemployed | Reference | ||
Health insurance coverage | |||
Private | 1.23 (0.79, 1.92) | ||
Public | 1.46 (0.94, 2.26) | ||
Uninsured | Reference | ||
Income | |||
Poor/near poor/low income | 0.99 (0.82, 1.21) | ||
Middle/high income | Reference | ||
Marital status | |||
Married | 0.57 (0.48, 0.67) | ||
Other | Reference | ||
Need factors: | |||
Perceived pain intensity | |||
Little/moderate | 0.36 (0.29, 0.44) | ||
Quite a bit/extreme | Reference | ||
Perceived mental health condition | |||
Excellent/very good/good | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | ||
Fair/poor | Reference | ||
Perceived physical health condition | |||
Excellent/very good/good | 0.48 (0.39, 0.59) | ||
Fair/poor | Reference | ||
Total number of prevalent chronic health conditions | |||
0 | 0.11 (0.06, 0.20) | ||
1 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.30) | ||
2 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.56) | ||
3 | 0.45 (0.36, 0.56) | ||
4 | 0.66 (0.53, 0.84) | ||
≥5 | Reference | ||
Personal health practices and environmental factors: | |||
Frequent physical activity status | |||
Yes | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) | ||
No | Reference | ||
Current smoking status | |||
Yes | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | ||
No | Reference | ||
US census region | |||
Midwest | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | ||
Northeast | 1.16 (0.87, 1.54) | ||
South | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | ||
West | Reference |
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Axon, D.R.; Le, D. Association of Self-Reported Functional Limitations among a National Community-Based Sample of Older United States Adults with Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091836
Axon DR, Le D. Association of Self-Reported Functional Limitations among a National Community-Based Sample of Older United States Adults with Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(9):1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091836
Chicago/Turabian StyleAxon, David R., and Darlena Le. 2021. "Association of Self-Reported Functional Limitations among a National Community-Based Sample of Older United States Adults with Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 9: 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091836
APA StyleAxon, D. R., & Le, D. (2021). Association of Self-Reported Functional Limitations among a National Community-Based Sample of Older United States Adults with Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(9), 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091836