Myocarditis Related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Etiopathogenic Bases
3.1. Etiopathogenic Bases of COVID-19-Related Myocarditis
3.2. Etiopathogenic Bases of Myocarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
4. Epidemiology: Frequency and Risk Factors
4.1. Epidemiology of COVID-19-Related Myocarditis
4.2. Epidemiology of Myocarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
5. Clinical Manifestations
6. Diagnosis
6.1. Diagnosis of COVID-19-Related Myocarditis
6.1.1. Lab Test
6.1.2. Electrocardiogram and Image Data
6.1.3. Endomyocardial Biopsy and Autopsy
6.2. Diagnosis of Myocarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
7. Treatment
7.1. Basis for Treatment for COVID-Related Myocarditis
7.2. Immunosuppressive Therapy for COVID-19-Related Myocraditis
7.3. Treatment of Myocarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
8. Evolution
9. Prognosis
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Definition: An inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of the ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease |
First biopsy
|
Subsequent biopsy
|
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Type | Total References | First Wave | Second Wave | Third Wave | Fourth Wave | Fifth Wave | Sixth Wave |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case report | [6,7,8,9,10,11,12] | - | [12] | [11] | - | [6,7,8,9,10] | - |
Free full text | [13,14,15] | - | - | [13] | - | [14] | [15] |
Observational study | [5,16] | - | - | - | [16] | - | [5] |
Clinical study | [17,18,19,20,21,22] | [20] | [19] | - | [17,18,21] | [22] | |
Systematic review | [1,2,3,4,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] | - | [24] | [2,3,29,30,31,32,34] | [4,23,33] | [26] | [1,25,27,28] |
Meta-analysis | [35] | [35] | - | - | - | - | - |
Multicenter study | [36,37,38,39] | - | [38] | - | - | [36] | [37,39] |
Practice Guideline | [40,41] | [40,41] | - | - | - | - | - |
Article | Inclusion Period | Myocarditis Related to COVID-19 | Pericarditis Related to COVID-19 | Myocarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination | Pericarditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castiello et al. [1] | December 2019 to September 2020 | 38 patients (12 patients confirmed by BEM, 25 patients confirmed by CMR) | |||
Oster et al [5] | December 2020 to August 2021 | 1626 patients (223 patients confirmed by CMR) | |||
Hajjo et al. [17] | From 1990 to September 2021 | 1579 patients | 1063 patients | ||
Bozkurt et al. [26] | From 1990 to June 2021 | 484 patients with myocarditis/pericarditis | |||
Haussner et al. [27] | February 2020 to November 2020 | 51 patients (5 patients confirmed by BEM, 25 patients by CMR) | |||
Nygaard et al. [37] | May 2021 to September 2021 | 15 patients | |||
Sawalha et al. [29] | December 2019 to June 2020 | 14 patients with myocarditis/pericarditis (7 patients confirmed by CMR) | |||
Halushka et al. [32] | January to September 2020 | 277 autopsied hearts. 5 patients with definitive myocarditis, | |||
Larson et al. [7] | - | 8 patients (8 patients confirmed by CMR) | |||
Blagova et al. [21] | March 2020 to March 2021 | 15 patients (6 patients confirmed by BEM, 10 patients by CMR) |
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Molina-Ramos, A.I.; Gómez-Moyano, E.; Rodríguez-Capitán, J.; Angullo-Gómez, M.; Gallardo-Jiménez, P.; Pérez de Pedro, I.; Valiente de Santis, L.; Pérez-Villardón, B.; Piñero-Uribe, I.; Mora-Robles, J.; et al. Myocarditis Related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236999
Molina-Ramos AI, Gómez-Moyano E, Rodríguez-Capitán J, Angullo-Gómez M, Gallardo-Jiménez P, Pérez de Pedro I, Valiente de Santis L, Pérez-Villardón B, Piñero-Uribe I, Mora-Robles J, et al. Myocarditis Related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(23):6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236999
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolina-Ramos, Ana I., Elisabeth Gómez-Moyano, Jorge Rodríguez-Capitán, María Angullo-Gómez, Patricia Gallardo-Jiménez, Iván Pérez de Pedro, Lucía Valiente de Santis, Beatriz Pérez-Villardón, Isabel Piñero-Uribe, Javier Mora-Robles, and et al. 2022. "Myocarditis Related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23: 6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236999