Relevance of Sociodemographics and Clinical Tests in Single- and Dual-Task Conditions as Gait Speed Predictors of Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Outcomes and Measurement Procedures
2.3.1. Gait Assessment
2.3.2. Clinical and Psychometric Assessment
- Quality of life
- Executive cognitive functions
- Physical and gait clinical performance
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
Formatting of Mathematical Components
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jankovic, J. Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2008, 79, 368–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Soh, S.-E.; Morris, M.E.; McGinley, J.L. Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2011, 17, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, D.; Danoudis, M.; McGinley, J.; Morris, M.E. Relationships between Motor Aspects of Gait Impairments and Activity Limitations in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2012, 18, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahman, S.; Griffin, H.J.; Quinn, N.P.; Jahanshahi, M. Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease: The Relative Importance of the Symptoms. Mov. Disord. 2008, 23, 1428–1434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muslimovic, D.; Post, B.; Speelman, J.D.; Schmand, B.; de Haan, R.J. CARPA Study Group Determinants of Disability and Quality of Life in Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2008, 70, 2241–2247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kelly, V.E.; Eusterbrock, A.J.; Shumway-Cook, A. A Review of Dual-Task Walking Deficits in People with Parkinson’s Disease: Motor and Cognitive Contributions, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications. Park. Dis. 2012, 2012, 918719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sofuwa, O.; Nieuwboer, A.; Desloovere, K.; Willems, A.-M.; Chavret, F.; Jonkers, I. Quantitative Gait Analysis in Parkinson’s Disease: Comparison With a Healthy Control Group. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005, 86, 1007–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- San Martín Valenzuela, C.; Dueñas Moscardó, L.; López-Pascual, J.; Serra-Añó, P.; Tomás, J.M. Interference of Functional Dual-Tasks on Gait in Untrained People with Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2020, 21, 396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fritz, S.; Lusardi, M. White Paper: “Walking Speed: The Sixth Vital Sign”. J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 2009, 32, 2–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Castell, M.-V.; Sánchez, M.; Julián, R.; Queipo, R.; Martín, S.; Otero, Á. Frailty Prevalence and Slow Walking Speed in Persons Age 65 and Older: Implications for Primary Care. BMC Fam. Pract. 2013, 14, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Middleton, A.; Fritz, S.L.; Lusardi, M. Walking Speed: The Functional Vital Sign. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2015, 23, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paker, N.; Bugdayci, D.; Goksenoglu, G.; Demircioğlu, D.T.; Kesiktas, N.; Ince, N. Gait Speed and Related Factors in Parkinson’s Disease. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2015, 27, 3675–3679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Morris, R.; Lord, S.; Lawson, R.A.; Coleman, S.; Galna, B.; Duncan, G.W.; Khoo, T.K.; Yarnall, A.J.; Burn, D.J.; Rochester, L. Gait Rather Than Cognition Predicts Decline in Specific Cognitive Domains in Early Parkinson’s Disease. J. Gerontol. Ser. A 2017, 72, 1656–1662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pieruccini-Faria, F.; Black, S.E.; Masellis, M.; Smith, E.E.; Almeida, Q.J.; Li, K.Z.H.; Bherer, L.; Camicioli, R.; Montero-Odasso, M. Gait Variability across Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Disorders: Results from the Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) and the Gait and Brain Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2021, 17, 1317–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toots, A.T.M.; Taylor, M.E.; Lord, S.R.; Close, J.C.T. Associations Between Gait Speed and Cognitive Domains in Older People with Cognitive Impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2019, 71, S15–S21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, M.; Won, C.W.; Kim, S.; Yoo, J.H.; Kim, Y.H.; Kim, B.S. The Association of Gait Speed and Frontal Lobe among Various Cognitive Domains: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS). J. Nutr. Health Aging 2020, 24, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebersbach, G.; Moreau, C.; Gandor, F.; Defebvre, L.; Devos, D. Clinical Syndromes: Parkinsonian Gait. Mov. Disord. 2013, 28, 1552–1559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bortone, I.; Sardone, R.; Lampignano, L.; Castellana, F.; Zupo, R.; Lozupone, M.; Moretti, B.; Giannelli, G.; Panza, F. How Gait Influences Frailty Models and Health-related Outcomes in Clinical-based and Population-based Studies: A Systematic Review. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021, 12, 274–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yates, T.; Razieh, C.; Zaccardi, F.; Rowlands, A.V.; Seidu, S.; Davies, M.J.; Khunti, K. Obesity, Walking Pace and Risk of Severe COVID-19 and Mortality: Analysis of UK Biobank. Int. J. Obes. 2021, 45, 1155–1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beauchet, O.; Berrut, G. Gait and dual-task: Definition, interest, and perspectives in the elderly. Psychol. Neuropsychiatr. Vieil. 2006, 4, 215–225. [Google Scholar]
- Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H.; Jessell, T.M.; Siegelbaum, S.; Hudspeth, A.J.; Mack, S. Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed.; McGraw-Hill Medical: New York, NY, USA, 2013; Volume 4, pp. 1227–1246. ISBN 978-0-07-139011-8. [Google Scholar]
- Eisinger, R.S.; Cernera, S.; Gittis, A.; Gunduz, A.; Okun, M.S. A Review of Basal Ganglia Circuits and Physiology: Application to Deep Brain Stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2019, 59, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rochester, L.; Nieuwboer, A.; Baker, K.; Hetherington, V.; Willems, A.-M.; Kwakkel, G.; Van Wegen, E.; Lim, I.; Jones, D. Walking Speed during Single and Dual Tasks in Parkinson’s Disease: Which Characteristics Are Important? Mov. Disord. 2008, 23, 2312–2318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- San Martín Valenzuela, C.; Moscardó, L.D.; López-Pascual, J.; Serra-Añó, P.; Tomás, J.M. Effects of Dual-Task Group Training on Gait, Cognitive Executive Function, and Quality of Life in People With Parkinson Disease: Results of Randomized Controlled DUALGAIT Trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2020, 101, 1849–1856.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isella, V.; Mapelli, C.; Morielli, N.; De Gaspari, D.; Siri, C.; Pezzoli, G.; Antonini, A.; Poletti, M.; Bonuccelli, U.; Picchi, L.; et al. Validity and Metric of MiniMental Parkinson and MiniMental State Examination in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurol. Sci. 2013, 34, 1751–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morris, M.E.; McGinley, J.; Huxham, F.; Collier, J.; Iansek, R. Constraints on the Kinetic, Kinematic and Spatiotemporal Parameters of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease. Hum. Mov. Sci. 1999, 18, 461–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brauer, S.G.; Morris, M.E. Can People with Parkinson’s Disease Improve Dual Tasking When Walking? Gait Posture 2010, 31, 229–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peto, V.; Jenkinson, C.; Fitzpatrick, R.; Greenhall, R. The Development and Validation of a Short Measure of Functioning and Well Being for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. Qual. Life Res. Int. J. Qual. Life Asp. Treat. Care Rehabil. 1995, 4, 241–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, R.C.; Zonta, M.B.; de Araújo, A.P.S.; Israel, V.L.; Teive, H.A.G.; Moreira, R.C.; Zonta, M.B.; de Araújo, A.P.S.; Israel, V.L.; Teive, H.A.G. Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Progression Markers of Mild to Moderate Stages. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2017, 75, 497–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Martínez, M.; Frades, B.; Jiménez, J.; Pondal, M.; López, L.; Vela, L.; Vázquez, A.; Del, V.F.; Diví, M.; Fabregat, N.; et al. The PDQ-39 Spanish Version: Reliability and Correlation with the Short- Form Health Survey (SF-36). Neurologia 1999, 14, 159–163. [Google Scholar]
- Pomares, M.H.; Gran, D.V.; Pérez, A.S.; Gómez, P.P.; Muñoz, E.M.N.; del Cantero, M.C.T. Adaptation of the Spanish Version of the Frontal Assessment Battery for Detection of Executive Dysfunction. Med. Clin. 2021, 156, 229–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubois, B.; Slachevsky, A.; Litvan, I.; Pillon, B. The FAB: A Frontal Assessment Battery at Bedside. Neurology 2000, 55, 1621–1626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Romann, A.J.; Dornelles, S.; de Maineri, N.L.; de Rieder, C.R.M.; Olchik, M.R. Cognitive Assessment Instruments in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation. Dement. Neuropsychol. 2012, 6, 2–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.; Rivera, D.; Aguayo, A.; Rodríguez, W.; Garza, M.T.; Saracho, C.P.; Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y.; Aliaga, A.; Weiler, G.; Luna, M.; et al. Trail Making Test: Normative Data for the Latin American Spanish Speaking Adult Population. NeuroRehabilitation 2015, 37, 639–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fernández, A.L.; Marino, J.C.; Alderete, A.M. Estandarización y Validez Conceptual Del Test Del Trazo En Una Muestra de Adultos Argentinos. Rev. Neurol. Argent. 2002, 27, 83–88. [Google Scholar]
- Do Silva, R.N.; Afonso, S.V.; Felipe, L.R.; Oliveira, R.A.; Martins, L.J.P.; de Souza, L.A.P.S. Dual-Task Intervention Based on Trail Making Test: Effects on Parkinson’s Disease. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 2021, 27, 628–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bezdicek, O.; Stepankova, H.; Axelrod, B.N.; Nikolai, T.; Sulc, Z.; Jech, R.; Růžička, E.; Kopecek, M. Clinimetric Validity of the Trail Making Test Czech Version in Parkinson’s Disease and Normative Data for Older Adults. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2017, 31, 42–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crémers, J.; Phan Ba, R.; Delvaux, V.; Garraux, G. Construction and Validation of the Dynamic Parkinson Gait Scale (DYPAGS). Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2012, 18, 759–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tinetti, M.E. Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility Problems in Elderly Patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1986, 34, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kegelmeyer, D.A.; Kloos, A.D.; Thomas, K.M.; Kostyk, S.K. Reliability and Validity of the Tinetti Mobility Test for Individuals with Parkinson Disease. Phys. Ther. 2007, 87, 1369–1378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Podsiadlo, D.; Richardson, S. The Timed “Up & Go”: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1991, 39, 142–148. [Google Scholar]
- Palmerini, L.; Mellone, S.; Avanzolini, G.; Valzania, F.; Chiari, L. Quantification of Motor Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Using an Instrumented Timed up and Go Test. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2013, 21, 664–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vereeck, L.; Wuyts, F.; Truijen, S.; de Heyning, P.V. Clinical Assessment of Balance: Normative Data, and Gender and Age Effects. Int. J. Audiol. 2008, 47, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mollinedo, I.; Ma Cancela, J. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applications of the Timed Up and Go Test in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Exerc. Rehabil. 2020, 16, 302–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shearin, S.; Medley, A.; Trudelle-Jackson, E.; Swank, C.; Querry, R. Differences in Predictors for Gait Speed and Gait Endurance in Parkinson’s Disease. Gait Posture 2021, 87, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tabachnick, B.G.; Fidell, L.S. Using Multivariate Statistics, 7th ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, T.; Hallett, M. Neural Correlates of Dual Task Performance in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2008, 79, 760–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shumway-Cook, A.; Woollacott, M.H. Motor Control. Translating Research into Clinical Practice, 4th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Kyrönlahti, S.M.; Stenholm, S.; Raitanen, J.; Neupane, S.; Koskinen, S.; Tiainen, K. Educational Differences in Decline in Maximum Gait Speed in Older Adults Over an 11-Year Follow-Up. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2021, 76, 703–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deguchi, M.; Nishida, K.; Enokiya, T.; Ooi, K. Risk Factor Analysis of the Decrease in Gait Speed among Japanese Older Outpatients with Polypharmacy. J. Pharm. Health Care Sci. 2019, 5, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naples, J.G.; Marcum, Z.A.; Perera, S.; Newman, A.B.; Greenspan, S.L.; Gray, S.L.; Bauer, D.C.; Simonsick, E.M.; Shorr, R.I.; Hanlon, J.T. Impact of Drug-Drug and Drug-Disease Interactions on Gait Speed in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Drugs Aging 2016, 33, 411–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ebersbach, G.; Sojer, M.; Valldeoriola, F.; Wissel, J.; Müller, J.; Tolosa, E.; Poewe, W. Comparative Analysis of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease, Cerebellar Ataxia and Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy. Brain J. Neurol. 1999, 122 Pt 7, 1349–1355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Morris, M.E.; Iansek, R.; Matyas, T.A.; Summers, J.J. The Pathogenesis of Gait Hypokinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain J. Neurol. 1994, 117 Pt 5, 1169–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morris, M.E.; Iansek, R.; Matyas, T.A.; Summers, J.J. Stride Length Regulation in Parkinson’s Disease. Normalization Strategies and Underlying Mechanisms. Brain J. Neurol. 1996, 119 Pt 2, 551–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vila, M.H.; Pérez, R.; Mollinedo, I.; Cancela, J.M. Analysis of Gait for Disease Stage in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2021, 18, 720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nohelova, D.; Bizovska, L.; Vuillerme, N.; Svoboda, Z. Gait Variability and Complexity during Single and Dual-Task Walking on Different Surfaces in Outdoor Environment. Sensors 2021, 21, 4792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mean (SD) | Median | IQR | Shapiro-Wilk Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 66.72 (7.50) | 67 | 9.25 | p = 0.08 |
BMI | 26.51 (4.63) | 26.41 | 4.94 | p = 0.55 |
Evolution (years) | 5.78 (4.67) | 4 | 8.50 | p = 0.01 |
N° comorbidities | 1.91 (1.34) | 2 | 2 | p = 0.01 |
N° drugs | 4.35 (2.04) | 4 | 3 | p = 0.26 |
Frequency | (%) | |||
Hoehn and Yahr scale | I:4 | 10 | ||
II:9 | 22.5 | |||
III:27 | 67.5 | |||
Gender | (I) Female: 23 | 57.5 | ||
(II) Male: 17 | 42.5 | |||
Academic level | I: 5 II: 3 III: 19 IV: 4 V: 9 | 12.5 7.5 47.5 10 22.5 |
Clinical Test Measures | |||
Range | Mean (SD) | ||
Minimental | 25–32 | 29.50 (0.34) | |
FAB | 9–29 | 16.25 (2.84) | |
TMTa (s) | 23–225 | 54.46 (5.71) | |
TMTb (s) | 40–315 | 116.53 (8.83) | |
PDQ39 | 0.51–46.40 | 19.68 (9) | |
TUG (s) | 7–18 | 11.47 (3.01) | |
Tinetti | 15–28 | 21.87 (3.27) | |
DYPGS | 0–15 | 6.96 (3.73) | |
Biomechanical Outcomes Measures | |||
Range | Mean (SD) | ||
Gait velocity (m/s) | ST DTvi DTve DTa DTm | 0.65–1.36 0.51–1.24 0.42–1.54 0.45–1.28 0.35–1.20 | 0.97 (0.19) 0.90 (0.21) 0.83 (0.22) 0.85 (0.19) 0.82 (0.21) |
Stride length (m) | ST DTvi DTve DTa DTm | 0.75–1.57 0.63–1.36 0.59–1.38 0.56–1.38 0.49–1.44 | 1.08 (0.18) 1.01 (0.18) 0.96 (0.18) 1.00 (0.18) 0.94 (0.26) |
Cadence (steps/min) | ST DTvi DTve DTa DTm | 91.84–137.75 68.59–192.17 72.79–193.58 79.80–198.15 65.70–186.23 | 110.87 (9.72) 110.52 (18.65) 106.07 (19.61) 108.58 (19.37) 108.34 (18.90) |
Gait Condition | Predictor | Unstandardized | Standardized | CI | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | |||||
ST R2 = 0.47 | FAB | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0 0.01, 0.05 | 4.21 | 0.00 |
Sex | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.003, 0.23 | 2.81 | 0.00 | |
DYPGS | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.31 | −0.02, −0.01 | −2.42 | 0.02 | |
DTvi R2 = 0.24 | DYPGS | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.39 | −0.01, −0.04 | −2.65 | 0.01 |
N° drugs | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.32 | −0.07, −0.01 | −2.17 | 0.03 | |
DTve R2 = 0.11 | Academic degree | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.01, 0.11 | 2.08 | 0.04 |
DTa R2 = 0.25 | FAB | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.01, 0.04 | 2.89 | 0.00 |
H&Y | −0.09 | 0.04 | −0.33 | −0.18, −0.01 | −2.22 | 0.03 | |
DTm R2 = 0.43 | DPGS | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.46 | −0.04, −0.01 | −3.5 | 0.00 |
FAB | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.01, 0.04 | 2.8 | 0.00 | |
PDQ39 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.28 | −0.01, −0.01 | −0.28 | 0.03 |
Gait Condition | Predictor | Unstandardized | Standardized | CI | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | |||||
ST R2 = 0.93 | Stride length | 0.74 | 0.04 | 0.81 | 0.65, 0.82 | 18.07 | 0.00 |
Cadence | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.01, 0.01 | 8.93 | 0.00 | |
DYPGS | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.13 | −0.01, −0.00 | −2.97 | 0.00 | |
DTvi R2 = 0.24 | DYPGS | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.01, 0.04 | 2.65 | 0.01 |
Nº Drugs | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.32 | −0.07, −0.00 | −2.17 | 0.03 | |
DTve R2 = 0.94 | Cadence | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.01, 0.01 | 17.77 | 0.00 |
Stride length | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.64, 0.81 | 16.95 | 0.00 | |
DTa R2 = 0.81 | Stride length | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.45, 0.75 | 8.08 | 0.00 |
Cadence | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.00, 0.01 | 4.86 | 0.00 | |
FAB | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.00, 0.03 | 3.35 | 0.00 | |
H&Y | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.19 | −0.09, −0.01 | −2.53 | 0.01 | |
DTm R2 = 0.43 | Stride length | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.55, 0.69 | 17.30 | 0.00 |
Cadence | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.00, 0.01 | 14.86 | 0.00 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
San Martín Valenzuela, C.; Dueñas, L.; Tomás, J.M.; Correa-Ghisays, P.; Serra-Añó, P. Relevance of Sociodemographics and Clinical Tests in Single- and Dual-Task Conditions as Gait Speed Predictors of Parkinson’s Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030757
San Martín Valenzuela C, Dueñas L, Tomás JM, Correa-Ghisays P, Serra-Añó P. Relevance of Sociodemographics and Clinical Tests in Single- and Dual-Task Conditions as Gait Speed Predictors of Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(3):757. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030757
Chicago/Turabian StyleSan Martín Valenzuela, Constanza, Lirios Dueñas, José M. Tomás, Patricia Correa-Ghisays, and Pilar Serra-Añó. 2022. "Relevance of Sociodemographics and Clinical Tests in Single- and Dual-Task Conditions as Gait Speed Predictors of Parkinson’s Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 3: 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030757