Cognitive and Adaptive Effects of Early Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader–Willi Syndrome Patients: A Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. GH Treatment Effects
1.2. GH Treatment and Cognition in Childhood
1.3. GH Treatment and Cognition in Adults
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments: Cognitive Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Cognition and Adaptive Behavior of the Total Simple
3.3. Comparison of Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in the Two Groups
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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KERRYPNX | n | % |
---|---|---|
Group 1 | 10 | 32.3% |
Group 2 | 21 | 67.7% |
Socioeconomic status | ||
High | 1 | 3.2% |
Upper-middle | 13 | 41.9% |
Middle | 8 | 25.8% |
Low-middle | 4 | 12.9% |
Low | 5 | 16.1% |
Group 1 | Group 2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Lower and Limit Values | Median | Lower and Limit Values | ||
Age | 6 | (5.17–8.63) | 18 | (17.06–25.89) | <0.001 * |
Age of starting treatment with GH | 0.77 | (0.76–1.25) | 4.41 | (3.33–11.79) | <0.001 * |
GH treatment duration | 5.90 | (4.76–8.15) | 12.33 | (9.96–14.82) | 0.001 * |
Mean (sd) | Minimum and Maximum Values | |
---|---|---|
TIQ | 60 (12.30) | 40–81 |
GAI | 66 (13.97) | 40–94 |
VCI | 70.65 (15.02) | 45–98 |
PS | 70 (9.71) | 55–85 |
GAB | 64.32 (20.95) | 11–115 |
Group 1 | Group 2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Lower and Upper Limits 95% of Confidence | Median | Lower and Upper Limits 95% of Confidence | ||
TIQ | 74 | (63.04–75.76) | 58 | (51.59–62.32) | p = 0.009 * |
GAI | 77 | (67.50–80.10) | 62 | (56.91–70.52) | p = 0.043 * |
CVI | 76.5 | (67.77–82.43) | 67 | (60.95–76.10) | p = 0.186 |
PS | 80 | (68.07–81.93) | 65 | (63.13–72.13) | p = 0.068 |
GAB | 87.5 | (70.49–97.11) | 53 | (48.25–61.84 | p < 0.001 * |
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Ayet-Roger, A.; Joga-Elvira, L.; Caixàs, A.; Corripio, R. Cognitive and Adaptive Effects of Early Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader–Willi Syndrome Patients: A Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061592
Ayet-Roger A, Joga-Elvira L, Caixàs A, Corripio R. Cognitive and Adaptive Effects of Early Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader–Willi Syndrome Patients: A Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(6):1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061592
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyet-Roger, Aitana, Lorena Joga-Elvira, Assumpta Caixàs, and Raquel Corripio. 2022. "Cognitive and Adaptive Effects of Early Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader–Willi Syndrome Patients: A Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 6: 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061592
APA StyleAyet-Roger, A., Joga-Elvira, L., Caixàs, A., & Corripio, R. (2022). Cognitive and Adaptive Effects of Early Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader–Willi Syndrome Patients: A Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061592