The Multidimensional Prognostic Index Predicts Mortality in Older Outpatients with Cognitive Decline
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Cohabitation status was divided into three parts: living with family (with spouse and/or other relatives and/or a caregiver), institutionalized and alone;
- Medication use was defined by the number of drugs used and was ranged into three groups: ≤3, from 4 to 6 and ≥7;
- Functional status was evaluated by Katz’s Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index [18];
- Independence was defined by Lawton’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) index [19];
- Comorbidity was examined using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale comorbidity index (CIRS-CI) [22];
- The risk of developing pressure sores was evaluated through the Exton Smith Scale (ESS) [23];
- Nutritional status was investigated with the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF) [24].
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment | No Problem (Value = 0) | Minor Problem (Value = 0.5) | Severe Problem (Value = 1) |
---|---|---|---|
CHS | Living with family | Institutionalized | Alone |
Number of medications | 0–3 | 4–6 | ≥7 |
ADL | 6–5 | 4–3 | 2–0 |
IADL | 8–6 | 5–4 | 3–0 |
MMSE (n = 289) RUDAS (n = 22) | 28–30 26–30 | 25–27 17–25 | 0–24 0–16 |
CIRS-CI | 0 | 1–2 | ≥3 |
ESS | 16–20 | 10–15 | 5–9 |
MNA-SF | ≥12 | 8–11 | 0–7 |
Men | 160 |
---|---|
Age (years) | 76.8 ± 6 |
MCI | 84 |
Dementia | 227 |
Alzheimer’s disease | 103 |
Vascular dementia | 38 |
Mixed dementia | 43 |
Other | 43 |
MPI-1 | 106 |
MPI-2 | 162 |
MPI-3 | 43 |
MPI risk score | 0.43 ± 0.19 |
CHS | |
With family | 208 |
Institutionalized | 10 |
Alone | 93 |
Number of medications | 6.1 ± 3.9 |
ADL | 5.3 ± 1.3 |
IADL | 4.8 ± 2.4 |
Variable | MPI 1 (n = 106) | MPI 2 (n = 162) | MPI 3 (n = 43) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 56 | 88 | 16 | * ns |
** ns | ||||
*** 0.046 | ||||
Age (years) | 75.6 ± 5.8 | 77.1 ± 5.7 | 78.3 ± 6.9 | * 0.045 |
** 0.012 | ||||
*** ns | ||||
Dementia | 58 | 127 | 42 | * <0.001 |
MCI | 48 | 35 | 1 | ** <0.001 |
*** 0.008 | ||||
CHS | ||||
With family | 88 | 105 | 15 | |
Institutionalized | 0 | 5 | 5 | |
Alone | 18 | 52 | 23 | |
Number of medications | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 7 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
ADL | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
IADL | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 4.4 ± 2.2 | 2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
MMSE | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 20.7 ± 5.1 | 19.1 ± 4.4 | * <0.001 |
** <0.001 | ||||
*** ns | ||||
RUDAS | 21.8 ± 5 | 18.3 ± 5.5 | 17.2 ± 6.1 | ns |
CIRS-CI | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
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Overbeek, F.C.M.S.; Goudzwaard, J.A.; van Hemmen, J.; van Bruchem-Visser, R.L.; Papma, J.M.; Polinder-Bos, H.A.; Mattace-Raso, F.U.S. The Multidimensional Prognostic Index Predicts Mortality in Older Outpatients with Cognitive Decline. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092369
Overbeek FCMS, Goudzwaard JA, van Hemmen J, van Bruchem-Visser RL, Papma JM, Polinder-Bos HA, Mattace-Raso FUS. The Multidimensional Prognostic Index Predicts Mortality in Older Outpatients with Cognitive Decline. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(9):2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092369
Chicago/Turabian StyleOverbeek, Femke C. M. S., Jeannette A. Goudzwaard, Judy van Hemmen, Rozemarijn L. van Bruchem-Visser, Janne M. Papma, Harmke A. Polinder-Bos, and Francesco U. S. Mattace-Raso. 2022. "The Multidimensional Prognostic Index Predicts Mortality in Older Outpatients with Cognitive Decline" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9: 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092369