The Impact of Resistance Training Program on Static Balance in Multiple Sclerosis Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Testing Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Outcomes Measures
2.5. Testing Procedures
2.6. Balance
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All (n = 30) | RTG (n = 18) | CG (n = 12) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.21 ± 10.43 | 44.89 ± 10.62 | 48.36 ± 10.23 | 0.394 |
Sex (men/women) | 15:15 | 10:8 | 5:7 | |
MS phenotype (RR/SP) | 27:3 | 16:2 | 11:1 | |
EDSS | 3.21 (1.00–6.00) | 3.17 (1.00–6.00) | 3.27 (1.50–5.50) | |
Weight (kg) | 68.51 ± 11.55 | 67.19 ± 10.63 | 70.67 ± 13.17 | 0.442 |
Height (cm) | 166.86 ± 6.95 | 166.44 ± 7.32 | 167.54 ± 6.58 | 0.687 |
BMI (kg⋅m−2) | 24.56 ± 3.29 | 24.26 ± 3.12 | 25.06 ± 3.64 | 0.534 |
Fat mass (%) | 26.47 ± 8.72 | 25.92 ± 8.28 | 27.34 ± 9.69 | 0.680 |
Outcomes | All (n = 30) | RTG (n = 18) | CG (n = 12) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
SA (mm2) | 5.35 ± 4.11 | 5.00 ± 3.93 | 5.49 ± 3.76 | 0.731 |
TSD (mm) | 917.00 ± 183.00 | 914.00 ± 191.00 | 870.00 ± 149.00 | 0.493 |
MAPD (mm) | 2.24 ± 1.06 | 2.04 ± 1.10 | 2.54 ± 1.21 | 0.264 |
MMLD (mm) | 4.20 ± 1.80 | 4.39 ± 2.00 | 4.15 ± 1.67 | 0.729 |
SDAAP (mm) | 5.23 ± 2.20 | 5.38 ± 2.27 | 5.16 ± 2.06 | 0.785 |
SDAML (mm) | 2.85 ± 1.31 | 3.22 ± 1.46 | 2.64 ± 1.43 | 0.299 |
SDVAP (mm/s) | 22.57 ± 5.91 | 21.90 ± 4.17 | 22.40 ± 6.86 | 0.834 |
SDVML (mm/s) | 26.45 ± 6.40 | 26.9 ± 6.84 | 24.30 ± 5.30 | 0.259 |
PPPAP (a.u.) | 23.32 ± 6.03 | 22.8 ± 4.40 | 23.10 ± 6.94 | 0.876 |
PPPML (a.u.) | 26.77 ± 6.42 | 27.20 ± 6.83 | 24.60 ± 5.30 | 0.275 |
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | 36.06 ± 7.30 | 35.80 ± 7.26 | 34.50 ± 6.48 | 0.629 |
MTV (mm/s) | 30.59 ± 6.12 | 30.50 ± 6.38 | 29.00 ± 4.93 | 0.504 |
Outcomes | All (n = 30) | RTG (n = 18) | CG (n = 12) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
SA (mm2) | 6.68 ± 5.49 | 5.25 ± 5.08 | 6.34 ± 3.71 | 0.552 |
TSD (mm) | 1105.00 ± 285.00 | 1085.00 ± 270.00 | 992.00 ± 85.80 | 0.316 |
MAPD (mm) | 2.47 ± 1.68 | 2.14 ± 0.89 | 2.22 ± 1.68 | 0.893 |
MMLD (mm) | 5.82 ± 3.05 | 5.16 ± 3.03 | 6.22 ± 2.72 | 0.339 |
SDAAP (mm) | 7.16 ± 3.58 | 6.20 ± 3.48 | 7.65 ± 3.26 | 0.270 |
SDAML (mm) | 3.14 ± 2.07 | 2.80 ± 2.07 | 2.79 ± 1.20 | 0.985 |
SDVAP (mm/s) | 28.61 ± 9.21 | 26.70 ± 7.62 | 28.30 ± 7.65 | 0.600 |
SDVML (mm/s) | 28.13 ± 6.27 | 28.10 ± 6.19 | 26.30 ± 4.47 | 0.389 |
PPPAP (a.u.) | 29.55 ± 9.49 | 27.70 ± 8.03 | 29.40 ± 7.89 | 0.598 |
PPPML (a.u.) | 28.44 ± 6.27 | 28.30 ± 6.19 | 26.70 ± 4.69 | 0.456 |
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | 42.47 ± 10.12 | 41.30 ± 9.96 | 41.10 ± 6.93 | 0.947 |
MTV (mm/s) | 35.95 ± 8.26 | 35.30 ± 8.45 | 34.60 ± 5.53 | 0.811 |
Outcomes | RTG | CG | BF | t Test | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA (mm2) | 5.12 ± 4.25 | 6.10 ± 4.86 | 0.398 | −0.59 | 0.55 |
TSD (mm) | 893.00 ± 204.00 | 1006.00 ± 163.00 | 0.894 | −1.65 | 0.11 |
MAPD (mm) | 1.99 ± 0.77 | 2.59 ± 1.16 | 0.993 | −1.57 | 0.13 |
MMLD (mm) | 3.94 ± 1.68 | 4.34 ± 1.98 | 0.398 | −0.60 | 0.55 |
SDAAP (mm) | 5.54 ± 2.52 | 4.91 ± 2.13 | 0.429 | −0.74 | 0.456 |
SDAML (mm) | 2.50 ± 0.99 | 3.28 ± 1.32 | 1.192 | −1.73 | 0.097 |
SDVAP (mm/s) | 21.20 ± 5.85 | 25.80 ± 6.81 | 1.377 | −1.88 | 0.074 |
SDVML (mm/s) | 26.00 ± 6.42 | 28.50 ± 6.79 | 0.504 | −0.97 | 0.341 |
PPPAP (a.u.) | 22.00 ± 6.01 | 26.40 ± 6.84 | 1.278 | −1.84 | 0.080 |
PPPML (a.u.) | 26.30 ± 6.52 | 29.00 ± 6.67 | 0.553 | −1.10 | 0.284 |
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | 34.90 ± 8.01 | 39.70 ± 6.66 | 1.040 | −1.78 | 0.087 |
MTV (mm/s) | 29.80 ± 6.81 | 33.50 ± 5.49 | 0.861 | −1.62 | 0.117 |
Outcomes | RTG | CG | BF | t Test | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA (mm2) | 6.84 ± 5.81 | 9.16 ± 6.85 | 0.506 | −0.94 | 0.347 |
TSD (mm) | 1123 ± 372 | 1134.00 ± 208.00 | 0.373 | −0.08 | 0.937 |
MAPD (mm) | 2.64 ± 1.99 | 2.94 ± 1.77 | 0.387 | −0.41 | 0.68 |
MMLD (mm) | 5.82 ± 3.19 | 6.48 ± 3.38 | 0.395 | −0.52 | 0.61 |
SDAAP (mm) | 7.30 ± 3.89 | 8.01 ± 3.65 | 0.390 | −0.50 | 0.624 |
SDAML (mm) | 3.35 ± 2.44 | 3.70 ± 2.16 | 0.390 | −0.38 | 0.705 |
SDVAP (mm/s) | 28.60 ± 11.1 | 32.10 ± 9.79 | 0.471 | −0.83 | 0.406 |
SDVML (mm/s) | 27.50 ± 6.74 | 31.00 ± 7.00 | 0.679 | −1.30 | 0.207 |
PPPAP (a.u.) | 29.70 ± 11.4 | 32.70 ± 10.2 | 0.433 | −0.68 | 0.496 |
PPPML (a.u.) | 27.70 ± 6.70 | 31.50 ± 6.88 | 0.744 | −1.40 | 0.176 |
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | 42.00 ± 12.10 | 46.70 ± 9.67 | 0.554 | −1.13 | 0.271 |
MTV (mm/s) | 35.60 ± 9.66 | 39.10 ± 8.02 | 0.519 | −1.02 | 0.317 |
ANOVA | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Effect | Group Effect | Time × Group Effect | |||||||||||||||
Outcome | Group | Pre | Post | F | p | eta | F | p | eta | F | p | eta | Post Intr Padj | Post Intr ES (d) | Post M | Post Intr Pad | Post Intr ES (d) |
SA (mm2) | CG | 5.49 ± 3.76 | 6.10 ± 4.86 | 0.579 | 0.453 | 0.002 | 0.244 | 0.625 | 0.008 | 0.273 | 0.605 | 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.14 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.22 |
RTG | 5.00 ± 3.93 | 5.12 ± 4.25 | 1.00 | 0.03 | Post | 1.00 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
TSD (mm) | CG | 870 ± 149 | 1006 ± 163 | 1.608 | 0.216 | 0.025 | 0.450 | 0.508 | 0.009 | 3.012 | 0.094 | 0.046 | 0.14 | 0.87 | Pre | 0.25 | 0.60 |
RTG | 914 ± 191 | 893 ± 204 | 1.00 | 0.11 | Post | 1.00 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
MAPD (mm) | CG | 2.54 ± 1.21 | 2.59 ± 1.16 | 0.000 | 0.995 | 0.000 | 2.163 | 0.153 | 0.007 | 0.145 | 0.707 | 0.000 | 1.00 | 0.04 | Pre | 0.51 | 0.63 |
RTG | 2.04 ± 1.10 | 1.99 ± 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.05 | Post | 0.21 | 0.44 | ||||||||||
MMLD (mm) | CG | 4.15 ± 1.67 | 4.34 ± 1.98 | 0.334 | 0.568 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.903 | 0.000 | 2.084 | 0.160 | 0.008 | 0.96 | 0.10 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.22 |
RTG | 4.39 ± 2.00 | 3.94 ± 1.68 | 0.35 | 0.24 | Post | 1.00 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
SDAAP (mm) | CG | 5.16 ± 2.06 | 5.54 ± 2.52 | 0.035 | 0.853 | 0.001 | 0.066 | 0.799 | 0.002 | 3.004 | 0.094 | 0.009 | 0.31 | 0.19 | Pre | 0.54 | 0.17 |
RTG | 5.38 ± 2.27 | 4.91 ± 2.13 | 0.16 | 0.21 | Pos | 0.67 | 0.24 | ||||||||||
SDAML (mm) | CG | 2.64 ± 1.43 | 3.28 ± 1.32 | 0.068 | 0.797 | 0.000 | 2.156 | 0.154 | 0.067 | 0.433 | 0.516 | 0.002 | 0.77 | 0.04 | Pre | 0.30 | 0.69 |
RTG | 3.22 ± 1.46 | 2.50 ± 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.12 | Post | 0.08 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
SDVAP (mm/s) | CG | 22.40 ± 6.86 | 25.80 ± 6.81 | 1.704 | 0.202 | 0.013 | 1.692 | 0.204 | 0.045 | 3.898 | 0.058 | 0.030 | 0.05 | 0.49 | Pre | 0.82 | 0.72 |
RTG | 21.90 ± 4.17 | 21.20 ± 5.85 | 1.00 | 0.13 | Post | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||||||||||
SDVML (mm/s) | CG | 24.30 ± 5.30 | 28.50 ± 6.79 | 1.291 | 0.266 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.966 | 0.000 | 3.217 | 0.084 | 0.039 | 0.17 | 0.68 | Pre | 0.56 | 0.37 |
RTG | 26.90 ± 6.84 | 26.00 ± 6.42 | 1.00 | 0.14 | Post | 0.67 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
PPPAP (a.u.) | CG | 23.10 ± 6.94 | 26.40 ± 6.84 | 1.557 | 0.222 | 0.011 | 1.475 | 0.235 | 0.040 | 4.23 | 0.049 | 0.030 | 0.04 | 0.48 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.70 |
RTG | 22.8 ± 4.40 | 22.00 ± 6.01 | 1.00 | 0.15 | Post | 0.14 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
PPPML (a.u.) | CG | 24.60 ± 5.30 | 29.00 ± 6.67 | 1.574 | 0.220 | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.957 | 0.000 | 3.528 | 0.071 | 0.004 | 0.14 | 0.73 | Pre | 0.59 | 0.42 |
RTG | 27.20 ± 6.83 | 26.30 ± 6.52 | 1.00 | 0.13 | Post | 0.56 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | CG | 34.50 ± 6.48 | 39.70 ± 6.66 | 1.725 | 0.200 | 0.023 | 0.685 | 0.415 | 0.016 | 3.482 | 0.073 | 0.045 | 0.12 | 0.79 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.65 |
RTG | 35.80 ± 7.26 | 34.90 ± 8.01 | 1.00 | 0.12 | Post | 0.19 | 0.18 | ||||||||||
MTV (mm/s) | CG | 29.00 ± 4.93 | 33.50 ± 5.49 | 1.520 | 0.228 | 0.024 | 0.438 | 0.514 | 0.009 | 2.893 | 0.100 | 0.044 | 0.15 | 0.85 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.59 |
RTG | 30.50 ± 6.38 | 29.80 ± 6.81 | 1.00 | 0.11 | Post | 0.26 | 0.24 |
ANOVA | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Effect | Group Effect | Time × Group Effect | |||||||||||||||
Outcome | Group | Pre | Post | F | p | eta | F | p | eta | F | p | eta | Post Intr Padj | Post Intr ES (d) | Post M | Post Intr Pad | Post Intr ES (d) |
SA (mm2) | CG | 6.34 ± 3.71 | 9.16 ± 6.85 | 7.106 | 0.013 | 0.039 | 0.710 | 0.407 | 0.024 | 0.559 | 0.462 | 0.003 | 0.10 | 0.51 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.23 |
RTG | 5.25 ± 5.08 | 6.84 ± 5.81 | 0.29 | 0.29 | Post | 0.71 | 0.38 | ||||||||||
TSD (mm) | CG | 992 ± 85.8 | 1134 ± 208 | 3.118 | 0.090 | 0.024 | 0.161 | 0.691 | 0.005 | 1.034 | 0.319 | 0.008 | 0.25 | 0.89 | Pre | 0.65 | 0.41 |
RTG | 1085 ± 270 | 1123 ± 372 | 1.00 | 0.12 | Post | 1.00 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
MAPD (mm) | CG | 2.22 ± 1.68 | 2.94 ± 1.77 | 6.786 | 0.015 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.857 | 0.001 | 0.662 | 0.423 | 0.003 | 0.15 | 0.57 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.05 |
RTG | 2.14 ± 0.89 | 2.64 ± 1.99 | 0.28 | 0.23 | Post | 1.00 | 0.16 | ||||||||||
MMLD (mm) | CG | 6.22 ± 2.72 | 4.34 ± 1.98 | 1.559 | 0.223 | 0.006 | 0.582 | 0.452 | 0.019 | 0.304 | 0.586 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.08 | Pre | 0.70 | 0.36 |
RTG | 5.16 ± 3.03 | 3.94 ± 1.68 | 0.46 | 0.21 | Post | 1.00 | 0.20 | ||||||||||
SDVML (mm/s) | CG | 26.30 ± 4.47 | 31.00 ± 7.00 | 2.669 | 0.115 | 0.027 | 0.167 | 0.687 | 0.005 | 4.524 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.17 | 0.80 | Pre | 0.83 | 0.51 |
RTG | 28.10 ± 6.19 | 27.50 ± 6.74 | 1.00 | 0.10 | Post | 0.40 | 0.32 | ||||||||||
PPPAP (a.u.) | CG | 29.40 ± 7.89 | 32.70 ± 10.2 | 5.823 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.402 | 0.532 | 0.015 | 0.316 | 0.579 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.37 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.21 |
RTG | 27.70 ± 8.03 | 29.70 ± 11.4 | 0.42 | 0.21 | Post | 1.00 | 0.27 | ||||||||||
PPPML (a.u.) | CG | 26.70 ± 4.69 | 31.50 ± 6.88 | 2.961 | 0.098 | 0.030 | 0.261 | 0.614 | 0.008 | 4.559 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.16 | 0.82 | Pre | 0.96 | 0.28 |
RTG | 28.30 ± 6.19 | 27.70 ± 6.70 | 1.00 | 0.08 | Post | 0.34 | 0.55 | ||||||||||
PPPAP-ML (a.u.) | CG | 41.10 ± 6.93 | 46.70 ± 9.67 | 3.120 | 0.090 | 0.024 | 0.390 | 0.538 | 0.012 | 1.961 | 0.174 | 0.015 | 0.17 | 0.67 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.02 |
RTG | 41.30 ± 9.96 | 42.00 ± 12.1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | Post | 0.60 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
MTV (mm/s) | CG | 34.60 ± 5.53 | 39.10 ± 8.02 | 2.490 | 0.127 | 0.020 | 0.227 | 0.638 | 0.007 | 1.988 | 0.171 | 0.016 | 0.21 | 0.65 | Pre | 1.00 | 0.09 |
RTG | 35.30 ± 8.45 | 35.60 ± 9.66 | 1.00 | 0.03 | Post | 0.68 | 0.39 |
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Andreu-Caravaca, L.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Manonelles, P.; Chung, L.H.; Ramallo, S.; Rubio-Arias, J.Á. The Impact of Resistance Training Program on Static Balance in Multiple Sclerosis Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092405
Andreu-Caravaca L, Ramos-Campo DJ, Manonelles P, Chung LH, Ramallo S, Rubio-Arias JÁ. The Impact of Resistance Training Program on Static Balance in Multiple Sclerosis Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(9):2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092405
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreu-Caravaca, Luis, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Pedro Manonelles, Linda H. Chung, Salvador Ramallo, and Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. 2022. "The Impact of Resistance Training Program on Static Balance in Multiple Sclerosis Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9: 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092405