Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Population
2.2. Anthropometry Measurements
2.3. Laboratory Assays
2.4. Definition of MH and OB Phenotype
2.5. Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerosis
2.6. Assessment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CMERC Cohort (n = 7824) | Normal Weight (n = 2934) | Overweight (n = 2068) | Obesity (n = 2822) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.52 ± 8.63 | 50.64 ± 8.86 | 52.40 ± 8.30 | 51.78 ± 8.55 | <0.001 |
Sex (Female) | 5095 (65.1%) | 2287 (77.9%) | 1336 (64.6%) | 1472 (52.2%) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.0 | 21.4 ± 1.1 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 27.4 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
WHR | 0.67 ± 0.09 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.66 ± 0.07 | 0.73 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 119.9 ± 15.4 | 114.5 ± 14.8 | 120.5 ± 14.3 | 125.1 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.8 ± 10.2 | 73.4 ± 9.5 | 76.9 ± 9.5 | 80.2 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
FPG (mg/dl) | 95.7 ± 20.7 | 90.9 ± 16.7 | 95.4 ± 20.2 | 100.9 ± 23.4 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.9 [ 1.5; 2.6] | 1.60 [1.28; 2.00] | 1.92 [1.50; 2.50] | 2.45 [1.85; 3.36] | <0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 25.2 ± 18.5 | 20.6 ± 13.1 | 23.9 ± 13.3 | 31.0 ± 24.2 | <0.001 |
AST (U/L) | 25.7 ± 13.5 | 24.3 ± 9.8 | 25.0 ± 7.6 | 27.7 ± 18.9 | <0.001 |
γGTP (IU/L) | 31.3 ± 43.2 | 23.2 ± 26.8 | 29.4 ± 29.7 | 41.1 ± 60.1 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.1 ± 13.5 | 86.4 ± 13.2 | 84.5 ± 13.6 | 84.3 ± 13.6 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.2 ± 34.7 | 193.3 ± 33.4 | 195.2 ± 34.7 | 197.3 ± 36.0 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 132.5 ± 93.6 | 106.0 ± 61.5 | 133.0 ± 91.4 | 159.6 ± 113.0 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.7 ± 14.0 | 60.7 ± 14.6 | 54.6 ± 13.3 | 51.3 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.3 ± 31.2 | 112.4 ± 29.7 | 116.1 ± 30.5 | 117.8 ± 33.0 | <0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.58 [0.33; 1.19] | 0.42 [0.27; 0.77] | 0.57 [0.34; 1.10] | 0.82 [0.45; 1.66] | <0.001 |
Current smoking (%) | 2416 (30.9%) | 629 (21.4%) | 634 (30.7%) | 1153 (40.9%) | <0.001 |
Current drinking (%) | 5839 (74.6%) | 2186 (74.5%) | 1542 (74.6%) | 2111 (74.8%) | 0.964 |
Physical activity (days/week) | <0.001 | ||||
None | 4627 (59.1%) | 1656 (56.4%) | 1264 (61.1%) | 1707 (60.5%) | |
<3 | 1375 (17.6%) | 498 (17.0%) | 336 (16.2%) | 541 (19.2%) | |
≥3 | 1822 (23.3%) | 780 (26.6%) | 468 (22.6%) | 574 (20.3%) | |
Diabetes (%) | 237 (3.0%) | 7 (0.2%) | 20 (1.0%) | 210 (7.4%) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 2703 (34.5%) | 601 (20.5%) | 737 (35.6%) | 1365 (48.4%) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 1253 (35.8%) | 346 (31.0%) | 342 (36.0%) | 565 (39.3%) | <0.001 |
NAFLD (%) | 1778 (22.7%) | 40 (1.4%) | 187 (9.0%) | 1551 (55.0%) | <0.001 |
Mean IMT (mm) | 0.62 [0.55; 0.70] | 0.59 [0.54; 0.67] | 0.62 [0.56; 0.70] | 0.64 [0.57; 0.73] | <0.001 |
Carotid atherosclerosis (%) | 653 (8.3%) | 172 (5.9%) | 179 (8.7%) | 302 (10.7%) | <0.001 |
Metabolic phenotype | <0.001 | ||||
Metabolically healthy | 4613 (59.0%) | 2249 (76.7%) | 1251 (60.5%) | 1113 (39.4%) | |
Metabolically unhealthy | 3211 (41.0%) | 685 (23.3%) | 817 (39.5%) | 1709 (60.6%) |
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Seo, D.H.; Cho, Y.; Seo, S.; Ahn, S.H.; Hong, S.; Ha, K.H.; Shim, J.-S.; Kim, H.C.; Kim, D.J.; Kim, S.H. Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Cohort. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092440
Seo DH, Cho Y, Seo S, Ahn SH, Hong S, Ha KH, Shim J-S, Kim HC, Kim DJ, Kim SH. Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(9):2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092440
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeo, Da Hea, Yongin Cho, Seongha Seo, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, Kyung Hwa Ha, Jee-Seon Shim, Hyeon Chang Kim, Dae Jung Kim, and So Hun Kim. 2022. "Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) Cohort" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9: 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092440