Burden and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Southwest Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Place and Population
2.2. Sample Size and Sampling Technique
2.3. Data Collection Tool
2.4. Study Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Findings
3. Discussion
4. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Post-Partum Depression | Unadjusted OR [95%CI] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | No | Yes | p Value | ||
Age | ≤30 years | 68 (52.7%) | 42 (42.4%) | 0.123 | 1.5 [0.89,2.6] |
≥30 years | 61 (47.3%) | 57 (57.6%) | |||
Education | Intermediate and below | 11 (8.5%) | 12 (12.1%) | 0.372 | 0.67 [0.28,1.6] |
Secondary and above | 118 (91.5%) | 87 (87.9%) | |||
Occupation | Non-working | 78 (60.5%) | 59 (59.6%) | 0.894 | 1.0 [0.61,1.8] |
Working | 51 (39.5%) | 40 (40.4%) | |||
Income | ≤10,000 SR | 74 (57.4%) | 68 (68.7%) | 0.80 | 0.61 [0.35,1.1] |
>10,000 SR | 55 (42.6%) | 31 (31.3%) | |||
* Marital status | Married | 127 (98.4%) | 95 (96.0%) | 0.24 | 2.6 [0.48,14.9] |
Divorced | 02 (1.6%) | 04 (4.0%) | |||
* Smoker | Yes | 02 (1.6%) | 02 (2.0%) | 0.789 | 0.76 [0.11,5.5] |
No | 127 (98.4%) | 97 (98.0%) |
Variable | Post-Partum Depression | Unadjusted OR [95%CI] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | No | Yes | p Value | ||
Gravida | Primi | 38 (29.5%) | 17 (17.2%) | 0.03 | 2.0 [1.1,3.8] |
Multi | 91 (70.5%) | 82 (82.8%) | |||
Whether Pregnancy was planned | Yes | 75 (58.1%) | 50 (50.5%) | 0.25 | 1.3 [0.81,2.3] |
No | 54 (41.9%) | 49 (49.5%) | |||
Complication in pregnancy | Yes | 27 (20.9%) | 13 (13.1%) | 0.12 | 1.7 [0.85,3.6] |
No | 102 (79.1%) | 86 (86.9%) | |||
Gestational diabetes | Yes | 14 (10.9%) | 8 (8.1%) | 0.48 | 1.3 [0.55,3.4] |
No | 115 (89.1%) | 91 (91.9%) | |||
Mode of delivery | Normal | 86 (66.7%) | 62 (62.6%) | 0.52 | 1.2 [0.69,2.1] |
C/S | 43 (33.3%) | 37 (37.4%) | |||
Complication during delivery | Yes | 08 (6.2%) | 09 (9.1%) | 0.41 | 0.66 [0.25,1.8] |
No | 121 (93.8%) | 90 (90.9%) | |||
Postpartum complication | Yes | 10 (7.8%) | 10 (10.1%) | 0.53 | 0.75 [0.29,1.8] |
No | 119 (92.2%) | 89 (89.9%) | |||
Neonatal complication | Yes | 09 (7.0%) | 11 (11.1%) | 0.27 | 0.61 [0.24,1.5] |
No | 120 (93.0%) | 88 (88.9%) | |||
Twin delivery | Yes | 06 (4.7%) | 02 (2.0%) | 0.28 | 2.3 [0.47,11.9] |
No | 123 (95.3%) | 97 (98.0%) | |||
Pregnancy outcome | Live | 126 (97.7%) | 93 (93.9%) | 0.07 | 2.7 [0.66,11.1] |
Not live | 03 (2.3%) | 06 (6.1%) | |||
Sex of child | Male | 61 (47.3%) | 54 (54.5%) | 0.27 | 0.75 [0.44,1.26] |
Female | 68 (52.7%) | 45 (45.5%) |
Variable | Post-Partum Depression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | No | Yes | p Value | Unadjusted OR [95%CI] | |
Psychiatric disease | No | 126 (97.7%) | 90 (90.9%) | 0.024 | 4.2 |
Yes | 03 (2.3%) | 09 (9.1%) | [1.1,5.9] | ||
Family History of Psychiatric disease | No | 121 (93.8%) | 80 (80.8%) | 0.003 | 3.5 |
Yes | 08 (6.2%) | 19 (19.2%) | [1.5,8.6] | ||
Existing family conflict | No | 122 (94.6%) | 67 (67.7%) | ˂0.001 | 8.3 |
Yes | 07 (5.4%) | 32 (32.3%) | [3.5,19.8] | ||
Past family conflict | No | 100 (77.5%) | 56 (56.6%) | 0.001 | 2.6 |
Yes | 29 (22.5%) | 43 (43.4%) | [1.4,4.6] | ||
Support by Spouse | No | 17 (13.2%) | 40 (40.4%) | ˂0.001 | 4.4 |
Yes | 112 (86.8%) | 59 (59.6%) | [2.3,8.5] | ||
Support by family | No | 14 (10.9%) | 39 (39.4%) | ˂0.001 | 5.3 |
Yes | 115 (89.1%) | 60 (60.6%) | [2.6,10.6] | ||
Living with spouse only | No | 50 (38.8%) | 45 (45.5%) | 0.189 | 0.75 |
Yes | 79 (61.2%) | 54 (54.5%) | [0.45.1.2] |
Variable | Group | Edinburgh Score | aOR * | 95%CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No PPD | Yes PPD | |||||
Psychiatric Disease | No | 126 (97.7%) | 90 (90.9%) | 3.53 | Reference | |
Yes | 03 (2.3%) | 09 (9.1%) | [0.74,16.7] | 0.543 | ||
Family History of Psychiatric disease | No | 121 (93.8%) | 80 (80.8%) | 1.80 | Reference | |
Yes | 08 (6.2%) | 19 (19.2%) | [0.63,5.1] | 0.675 | ||
Existing family conflict | No | 122 (94.6%) | 67 (67.7%) | 6.5 | Reference | ˂0.001 |
Yes | 07 (5.4%) | 32 (32.3%) | [2.34,18.4] | |||
Past family conflict | No | 100 (77.5%) | 56 (56.6%) | 0.82 | Reference | 0.891 |
Yes | 29 (22.5%) | 43 (43.4%) | [0.37,1.8] | |||
Support by Spouse | No | 17 (13.2%) | 40 (40.4%) | 2.3 | [1.2,4.8] | ˂0.001 |
Yes | 112 (86.8%) | 59 (59.6%) | Reference | |||
Support by family | No | 14 (10.9%) | 39 (39.4%) | 3.5 | [1.6,7.7] | |
Yes | 115 (89.1%) | 60 (60.6%) | Reference | ˂0.001 | ||
Gravida | Primi | 38 (29.5%) | 17 (17.2%) | 0.26 | Reference | |
Multi | 91 (70.5%) | 82 (82.8%) | [0.21,1.8] | 0.345 |
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Share and Cite
Alshahrani, S.A.S.A.-S.; Al-Saleh, N.F.; Siddiqui, A.F.; Khalil, S.N.; Alsaleem, M.A.; AlHefdhi, H.A.; Al-Qadi, S.A.; Asiri, A.A. Burden and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Southwest Saudi Arabia. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103444
Alshahrani SASA-S, Al-Saleh NF, Siddiqui AF, Khalil SN, Alsaleem MA, AlHefdhi HA, Al-Qadi SA, Asiri AA. Burden and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(10):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103444
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlshahrani, Safar Abadi Saeed Al-Saleem, Norah Fayz Al-Saleh, Aesha Farheen Siddiqui, Shamsun Nahar Khalil, Mohammed Abadi Alsaleem, Hayfa A. AlHefdhi, Sahar Awad Al-Qadi, and Abdullah Ahmad Asiri. 2023. "Burden and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Southwest Saudi Arabia" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 10: 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103444