An Analysis of the Risk Factors for Postural Defects among Early School-Aged Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. The School Environment of the Participating Children
2.3. Study Design and Data Collection
2.4. Measurements
- Measuring the children’s height (standard measurement in centimeters) and weight (electronic scale). BMI was calculated, and BMI values were classified in accordance with the WHO standards from 2007 [18]. Z-score values and BMI classification into four categories were determined: underweight (z-score below −2), normal weight (z-score between −2 and 1), overweight (z-score above 1), and obese (z-score above 2).
- Assessing the body posture of children, a questionnaire based on the FITS method (Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis) by Białek and M’hango [19] was used. A ruler, a plumb line, and a scoliometer were used to examine body posture. The examination involved inspecting the following:
- The frontal plane: head and neck, shoulder alignment, positioning of the scapulae relative to each other, positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (distance), the vertebral column, stature triangles, and vertical view of the intergluteal cleft, pelvis, knees, and feet.
- The sagittal plane: head, shoulders, abdominal arching, the shape of the spine in the sagittal plane, pelvis, and knees.
3. Ethical Consideration
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
5.1. General Characteristics of the Study Group
5.2. Postural Defects in the Study Group
5.3. Factors Differentiating the Incidence of Postural Defects
5.3.1. Sex and the Incidence of Postural Defects
5.3.2. Age and the Incidence of Postural Defects
5.3.3. BMI and the Incidence of Postural Defects
5.4. Factors Differentiating the Incidence of Postural Defects Related to the Student’s Lifestyle
6. Discussion
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Practical Recommendations
7. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | Age | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | ||||||||||
s | Min | Max | s | Min | Max | s | Min | Max | ||||
z-score BMI | ||||||||||||
Female | 0.36 | 1.08 | −0.97 | 2.85 | −0.03 | 1.39 | −3.02 | 2.50 | −0.08 | 1.43 | −1.99 | 2.36 |
Male | 0.45 | 1.23 | −2.08 | 2.29 | 0.29 | 1.22 | −1.71 | 2.62 | 0.27 | 1.41 | −3.91 | 2.45 |
Incidence of Abnormalities | Sex | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | ||||
n | % | n | % | ||
Shoulders (B) | 41 | 70.7% | 62 | 74.7% | 0.5975 |
Feet (A) | 41 | 70.7% | 59 | 71.1% | 0.9595 |
Vertebral column shape (B) | 34 | 58.6% | 55 | 66.3% | 0.3546 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 34 | 58.6% | 52 | 62.7% | 0.6293 |
Head (B) | 27 | 46.6% | 44 | 53.0% | 0.4503 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 26 | 44.8% | 42 | 50.6% | 0.4995 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 26 | 44.8% | 41 | 49.4% | 0.5928 |
Stature triangles (A) | 21 | 36.2% | 44 | 53.0% | 0.0489 * |
Pelvis (B) | 25 | 43.1% | 35 | 42.2% | 0.9120 |
Pelvis (A) | 19 | 32.8% | 39 | 47.0% | 0.0911 |
Vertebral column (A) | 15 | 25.9% | 26 | 31.3% | 0.4821 |
Abdominal arching (B) | 13 | 22.4% | 23 | 27.7% | 0.4778 |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 13 | 22.4% | 21 | 25.3% | 0.6933 |
Knees (B) | 5 | 8.6% | 18 | 21.7% | 0.0388 * |
Head and neck (A) | 5 | 8.6% | 15 | 18.1% | 0.1134 |
Knees (A) | 6 | 10.3% | 8 | 9.6% | 0.8902 |
Incidence of Abnormalities | Age | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Shoulders (B) | 34 | 79.1% | 40 | 69.0% | 29 | 72.5% | 0.5249 |
Feet (A) | 33 | 76.7% | 40 | 69.0% | 27 | 67.5% | 0.5941 |
Vertebral column shape (B) | 32 | 74.4% | 33 | 56.9% | 24 | 60.0% | 0.1746 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 19 | 44.2% | 35 | 60.3% | 32 | 80.0% | 0.0037 ** |
Head (B) | 20 | 46.5% | 28 | 48.3% | 23 | 57.5% | 0.5568 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 19 | 44.2% | 22 | 37.9% | 27 | 67.5% | 0.0129 * |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 21 | 48.8% | 24 | 41.4% | 22 | 55.0% | 0.4057 |
Stature triangles (A) | 17 | 39.5% | 26 | 44.8% | 22 | 55.0% | 0.3572 |
Pelvis (A) | 18 | 41.9% | 23 | 39.7% | 17 | 42.5% | 0.9548 |
Pelvis (B) | 18 | 41.9% | 23 | 39.7% | 17 | 42.5% | 0.9548 |
Vertebral column (A) | 13 | 30.2% | 15 | 25.9% | 13 | 32.5% | 0.7612 |
Abdominal arching (B) | 11 | 25.6% | 18 | 31.0% | 7 | 17.5% | 0.3197 |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 10 | 23.3% | 14 | 24.1% | 10 | 25.0% | 0.9829 |
Knees (B) | 5 | 11.6% | 11 | 19.0% | 7 | 17.5% | 0.5970 |
Head and neck (A) | 8 | 18.6% | 4 | 6.9% | 8 | 20.0% | 0.1146 |
Knees (A) | 5 | 11.6% | 4 | 6.9% | 5 | 12.5% | 0.5973 |
Postural Defects | z-Score BMI | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% p.u.) | p-Value | |
Head and neck (A) | 1.304 (0.889–1.913) | 0.1745 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 1.040 (0.803–1.346) | 0.7676 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 0.954 (0.732–1.243) | 0.7250 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 0.817 (0.628–1.064) | 0.1340 |
Vertebral column (A) | 0.907 (0.683–1.206) | 0.5030 |
Stature triangles (A) | 0.726 (0.553–0.954) | 0.0216 * |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 0.914 (0.676–1.236) | 0.5605 |
Pelvis (A) | 0.811 (0.620–1.060) | 0.1246 |
Knees (A) | 1.648 (1.025–2.647) | 0.0391 * |
Feet (A) | 1.192 (0.895–1.588) | 0.2304 |
Head (B) | 1.071 (0.827–1.387) | 0.6052 |
Shoulders (B) | 0.608 (0.440–0.840) | 0.0026 ** |
Abdominal arching (B) | 1.438 (1.049–1.970) | 0.0240 * |
Vertebral column shape (B) | 0.847 (0.645–1.112) | 0.2316 |
Pelvis (B) | 1.041 (0.802–1.352) | 0.7633 |
Knees (B) | 0.691 (0.481–0.993) | 0.0458 * |
Sex | Age | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | ||||||||||
s | Min | Max | s | Min | Max | s | Min | Max | ||||
School bag/backpack weight (kg) | ||||||||||||
Female | 3.66 | 0.82 | 1.75 | 4.90 | 3.59 | 0.79 | 1.80 | 5.50 | 3.18 | 0.88 | 1.70 | 4.60 |
Male | 4.00 | 0.96 | 1.75 | 5.80 | 3.58 | 0.66 | 2.05 | 4.85 | 3.14 | 0.94 | 1.55 | 5.40 |
Incidence of Abnormalities | Type of Chair Used | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjustable Chair (n = 70) | Other (n = 29) | ||||
n | % | n | % | ||
Head and neck (A) | 9 | 12.9% | 4 | 13.8% | 0.9001 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 34 | 48.6% | 13 | 44.8% | 0.7342 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 42 | 60.0% | 18 | 62.1% | 0.8480 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 33 | 47.1% | 14 | 48.3% | 0.9182 |
Vertebral column (A) | 18 | 25.7% | 11 | 37.9% | 0.2242 |
Stature triangles (A) | 24 | 34.3% | 17 | 58.6% | 0.0253 * |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 16 | 22.9% | 8 | 27.6% | 0.6173 |
Pelvis (A) | 23 | 32.9% | 15 | 51.7% | 0.0790 |
Knees (A) | 7 | 10.0% | 2 | 6.9% | 0.6250 |
Feet (A) | 53 | 75.7% | 20 | 69.0% | 0.4874 |
Head (B) | 37 | 52.9% | 15 | 51.7% | 0.9182 |
Shoulders (B) | 50 | 71.4% | 21 | 72.4% | 0.9211 |
Abdominal arching (B) | 14 | 20.0% | 8 | 27.6% | 0.4086 |
Shape of the vertebral column (B) | 40 | 57.1% | 19 | 65.5% | 0.4397 |
Pelvis (B) | 32 | 45.7% | 14 | 48.3% | 0.8161 |
Knees (B) | 11 | 15.7% | 5 | 17.2% | 0.8510 |
Incidence of Abnormalities | Time Spent at a Computer (Classroom Instruction) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Up to 1 h (n = 52) | 2 h or More (n = 44) | ||||
n | % | n | % | ||
Head and neck (A) | 5 | 9.6% | 8 | 18.2% | 0.2216 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 23 | 44.2% | 22 | 50.0% | 0.5725 |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 26 | 50.0% | 32 | 72.7% | 0.0233 * |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 22 | 42.3% | 22 | 50.0% | 0.4510 |
Vertebral column (A) | 11 | 21.2% | 16 | 36.4% | 0.0986 |
Stature triangles (A) | 18 | 34.6% | 21 | 47.7% | 0.1925 |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 8 | 15.4% | 15 | 34.1% | 0.0324 * |
Pelvis (A) | 17 | 32.7% | 19 | 43.2% | 0.2902 |
Knees (A) | 5 | 9.6% | 4 | 9.1% | 0.9300 |
Feet (A) | 40 | 76.9% | 32 | 72.7% | 0.6362 |
Head (B) | 26 | 50.0% | 24 | 54.5% | 0.6569 |
Shoulders (B) | 39 | 75.0% | 29 | 65.9% | 0.3289 |
Abdominal arching (B) | 13 | 25.0% | 8 | 18.2% | 0.4207 |
Shape of the vertebral column (B) | 29 | 55.8% | 28 | 63.6% | 0.4342 |
Pelvis (B) | 24 | 46.2% | 22 | 50.0% | 0.7070 |
Knees (B) | 8 | 15.4% | 7 | 15.9% | 0.9438 |
Incidence of Abnormalities | Snacking between Meals | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 25) | Sometimes (n = 52) | No (n = 20) | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Head and neck (A) | 4 | 16.0% | 7 | 13.5% | 1 | 5.0% | 0.5058 |
Shoulder alignment (A) | 19 | 76.0% | 21 | 40.4% | 5 | 25.0% | 0.0013 ** |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to each other (A) | 20 | 80.0% | 29 | 55.8% | 9 | 45.0% | 0.0404 * |
Positioning of the scapulae relative to the vertebral column (A) | 15 | 60.0% | 23 | 44.2% | 7 | 35.0% | 0.2228 |
Vertebral column (A) | 11 | 44.0% | 10 | 19.2% | 6 | 30.0% | 0.0737 |
Stature triangles (A) | 16 | 64.0% | 17 | 32.7% | 6 | 30.0% | 0.0186 * |
Vertical view of the intergluteal cleft (A) | 6 | 24.0% | 13 | 25.0% | 4 | 20.0% | 0.9043 |
Pelvis (A) | 11 | 44.0% | 20 | 38.5% | 5 | 25.0% | 0.4054 |
Knees (A) | 2 | 8.0% | 3 | 5.8% | 4 | 20.0% | 0.1703 |
Feet (A) | 11 | 44.0% | 45 | 86.5% | 16 | 80.0% | 0.0003 *** |
Head (B) | 12 | 48.0% | 26 | 50.0% | 12 | 60.0% | 0.6880 |
Shoulders (B) | 19 | 76.0% | 33 | 63.5% | 17 | 85.0% | 0.1611 |
Abdominal arching (B) | 9 | 36.0% | 7 | 13.5% | 5 | 25.0% | 0.0734 |
Shape of the vertebral column (B) | 16 | 64.0% | 27 | 51.9% | 14 | 70.0% | 0.3121 |
Pelvis (B) | 11 | 44.0% | 23 | 44.2% | 11 | 55.0% | 0.6869 |
Knees (B) | 3 | 12.0% | 9 | 17.3% | 3 | 15.0% | 0.8319 |
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Baranowska, A.; Sierakowska, M.; Owczarczuk, A.; Olejnik, B.J.; Lankau, A.; Baranowski, P. An Analysis of the Risk Factors for Postural Defects among Early School-Aged Children. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144621
Baranowska A, Sierakowska M, Owczarczuk A, Olejnik BJ, Lankau A, Baranowski P. An Analysis of the Risk Factors for Postural Defects among Early School-Aged Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(14):4621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144621
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaranowska, Anna, Matylda Sierakowska, Anna Owczarczuk, Beata Janina Olejnik, Agnieszka Lankau, and Paweł Baranowski. 2023. "An Analysis of the Risk Factors for Postural Defects among Early School-Aged Children" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 14: 4621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144621