Alteration of Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with the Decreased Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Participants
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Clinical Parameters and Biochemical Analyses
2.4. Ascertainment of Metabolic Syndrome and Change of Status
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Changes in the Status of Metabolic Syndrome and CRC Development
3.3. Changes in Individual MetS Components and CRC Risk
3.4. Joint Effect of Resolving Abdominal Obesity and Modifying Other MetS Components on Developing CRC
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | MetS-Never | MetS-Resolved | MetS-Developed | MetS-Persistent | p a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3,481,564) | (n = 432,190) | (n = 760,929) | (n = 1,029,928) | ||
Male sex | 2,030,158 (58.3) | 277,547 (64.2) | 468,121 (61.5) | 559,480 (54.3) | |
Age (years) | 46.7 ± 12.2 | 54.0 ± 12.6 | 53.3 ± 12.6 | 58.7 ± 12.1 | <0.0001 |
Weight (kg) | 62.8 ± 10.8 | 67.1 ± 11.8 | 68.5 ± 12.4 | 69.3 ± 12.9 | <0.0001 |
Height (cm) | 165.2 ± 8.9 | 164.4 ± 9.6 | 164.2 ± 9.7 | 162.3 ± 9.9 | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 24.7 ± 2.9 | 25.3 ± 3.0 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
Non | 2,016,806 (58.0) | 228,588 (52.9) | 410,693 (54.0) | 612,036 (59.4) | |
Ex | 600,229 (17.3) | 89,644 (20.8) | 154,028 (20.3) | 199,694 (19.4) | |
Current | 862,728 (24.8) | 113,762 (26.3) | 195,971 (25.8) | 217,863 (21.2) | |
Alcohol consumption b | <0.0001 | ||||
Non | 1,634,606 (47.0) | 214,836 (49.8) | 380,433 (50.1) | 599,638 (58.3) | |
Mild to moderate | 1,647,145 (47.4) | 184,992 (42.9) | 321,387 (42.3) | 358,830 (34.9) | |
Heavy (≥30 g/day) | 193,929 (5.6) | 31,827 (7.4) | 58,138 (7.7) | 70,284 (6.8) | |
Regular exercise c | 2,114,649 (60.8) | 251,896 (58.3) | 429,640 (56.5) | 538,646 (52.3) | <0.0001 |
Lowest quintile of income | 671,600 (19.3) | 93,037 (21.5) | 166,377 (21.9) | 238,905 (23.2) | |
WC (cm) | 78.0 ± 8.0 | 83.0 ± 7.6 | 85.4 ± 7.9 | 87.6 ± 8.2 | <0.0001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.4 ± 13.0 | 124.3 ± 13.3 | 128.7 ± 13.4 | 130.1 ± 14.1 | <0.0001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.2 ± 9.1 | 77.4 ± 9.2 | 80.1 ± 9.5 | 79.8 ± 9.8 | <0.0001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.8 ± 14.1 | 99.4 ± 23.0 | 104.9 ± 2 2.7 | 114.00 ± 32.7 | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides d (mg/dL) | 95.2 (95.2–95.3) | 152.4 (152.2–152.5) | 122.1 (122.0–122.3) | 159.5 (159.3–159.6) | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58 ± 14.1 | 52 ± 13.8 | 50 ± 14.0 | 49 ± 13.9 |
Change | N | CRC | F/U Duration a | IR | HR b (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolic syndrome | |||||
Never | 3,481,564 | 7318 | 8,332,787 | 0.88 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 760,929 | 2535 | 1,829,845 | 1.39 | 1.17 (1.11, 1.22) |
Resolved | 432,190 | 1616 | 1,043,387 | 1.55 | 1.24 (1.18, 1.31) |
Persistent | 1,029,928 | 4985 | 2,503,339 | 1.99 | 1.36 (1.30, 1.41) |
Abnormal waist circumference c | |||||
Never | 4,130,496 | 10,396 | 9,916,033 | 1.05 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 504,710 | 1532 | 1,212,377 | 1.26 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) |
Resolved | 366,171 | 1474 | 885,473 | 1.66 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) |
Persistent | 703,234 | 3052 | 1,695,474 | 1.80 | 1.32 (1.26, 1.40) |
Abnormal blood pressure c | |||||
Never | 2,440,459 | 4387 | 5,834,734 | 0.75 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 813,867 | 2197 | 1,954,729 | 1.12 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) |
Resolved | 632,632 | 1687 | 1,518,393 | 1.11 | 1.18 (1.11, 1.24) |
Persistent | 1,817,653 | 8183 | 4,401,502 | 1.86 | 1.36 (1.31, 1.42) |
Abnormal fasting glucose c | |||||
Never | 3,065,966 | 6723 | 7,363,893 | 0.91 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 904,834 | 2802 | 2,174,012 | 1.29 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) |
Resolved | 638,547 | 1888 | 1,531,460 | 1.23 | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) |
Persistent | 1,095,264 | 5041 | 2,639,993 | 1.91 | 1.32 (1.27, 1.37) |
Abnormal TG criterion c | |||||
Never | 2,844,681 | 6747 | 6,818,793 | 0.99 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 852,405 | 2471 | 2,048,462 | 1.21 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) |
Resolved | 591,574 | 1935 | 1,428,350 | 1.35 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.08) |
Persistent | 1,415,951 | 5301 | 3,413,753 | 1.55 | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18) |
Abnormal HDL cholesterol c | |||||
Never | 3,356,868 | 7942 | 8,019,166 | 0.99 | 1 (Reference) |
Developed | 826,033 | 2836 | 1,990,435 | 1.42 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) |
Resolved | 552,854 | 1693 | 1,336,252 | 1.27 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) |
Persistent | 968,856 | 3983 | 2,363,504 | 1.69 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) |
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Jin, E.H.; Choi, Y.J.; Lim, J.H.; Shin, C.M.; Han, K.; Lee, D.H. Alteration of Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with the Decreased Risk of Colorectal Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4889. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12154889
Jin EH, Choi YJ, Lim JH, Shin CM, Han K, Lee DH. Alteration of Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with the Decreased Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(15):4889. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12154889
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Eun Hyo, Yoon Jin Choi, Joo Hyun Lim, Cheol Min Shin, Kyungdo Han, and Dong Ho Lee. 2023. "Alteration of Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with the Decreased Risk of Colorectal Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 15: 4889. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12154889