Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Findings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Psychometric Tools
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chronotype | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or Mean ± SD | Total Sample (N = 170) | Eveningness (N = 22) | Intermediate (N = 76) | Morningness (N = 72) | F | p |
Gender (male) | 89 (52.4) | 12 (54.5) | 43 (56.6) | 34 (47.2) | 1.346 | 0.510 |
Current Age (years) | 51.96 ± 14.59 | 42.18 ± 14.40 | 52.89 ± 14.21 | 53.97 ± 14.03 | 6.137 | 0.003 * |
Marital Status | 11.647 | 0.070 | ||||
Single | 64 (37.6) | 14 (63.6) | 28 (36.8) | 22 (30.6) | ||
Married | 54 (31.8) | 6 (27.3) | 27 (35.5) | 21 (29.2) | ||
Separated/Divorced | 39 (22.9) | 2 (9.1) | 15 (19.7) | 22 (30.6) | ||
Widowed | 13 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (7.9) | 7 (9.7) | ||
Educational level (years) | 11.16 ± 3.65 | 10.95 ± 3.33 | 11.84 ± 3.58 | 10.50 ± 3.73 | 2.585 | 0.078 |
Occupational status | 65 (38.2) | 9 (40.9) | 29 (38.2) | 27 (37.5) | 0.083 | 0.959 |
Living with, N (%) | 5.593 | 0.232 | ||||
Alone | 43 (25.2) | 3 (13.6) | 23 (30.3) | 17 (23.6) | ||
Family | 123 (72.4) | 18 (81.8) | 53 (69.7) | 52 (72.2) | ||
Residence | 4 (2.4) | 1 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.2) |
Chronotype | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eveningness (N = 22) | Intermediate (N = 76) | Morningness (N = 72) | F | p | ||
Weight | 76.84 ± 17.36 | 68.32 ± 14.35 | 69.36 ± 15.94 | 2.667 | 0.072 | |
Height | 169.55 ± 7.38 | 170.16 ± 9.07 | 167.65 ± 9.05 | 1.521 | 0.222 | |
Body Mass Index | 26.69 ± 6.05 | 23.43 ± 3.71 | 24.46 ± 4.30 | 4.966 | 0.008 | E > I |
Blood pressure | ||||||
Systolic | 126.14 ± 10.23 | 127.64 ± 16.58 | 126.10 ± 13.78 | 0.229 | 0.796 | |
Diastolic | 77.05 ± 9.34 | 77.32 ± 9.45 | 75.68 ± 9.96 | 0.558 | 0.573 | |
Total cholesterol | 205.18 ± 45.21 | 168.82 ± 35.69 | 170.43 ± 42.64 | 7.597 | 0.001 | E > I = M |
HDL-c | 47.23 ± 13.05 | 48.22 ± 11.86 | 50.64 ± 14.70 | 0.872 | 0.420 | |
LDL-c | 129.68 ± 39.45 | 100.36 ± 27.82 | 101.53 ± 34.29 | 7.612 | 0.001 | E > I = M |
Triglycerides | 123.18 ± 58.97 | 120.75 ± 67.10 | 135.46 ± 67.68 | 0.956 | 0.386 | |
Glucose | 94.64 ± 15.59 | 102.39 ± 36.29 | 34.22 ± 22.91 | 1.623 | 0.200 | |
Atherogenic Coefficient | 3.59 ± 1.32 | 2.70 ± 1.22 | 2.51 ± 1.27 | 6.336 | 0.002 | E > I = M |
Castelli Risk Index-I | 4.59 ± 1.32 | 3.70 ± 1.22 | 3.51 ± 1.27 | 6.336 | 0.002 | E > I = M |
Castelli Risk Index-II | 2.92 ± 1.10 | 2.24 ± 0.96 | 2.12 ± 0.93 | 5.883 | 0.003 | E > I = M |
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Aguglia, A.; Natale, A.; Conio, B.; De Michiel, C.F.; Lechiara, A.; Pastorino, F.; Fusar-Poli, L.; Costanza, A.; Amerio, A.; Amore, M.; et al. Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Findings. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175621
Aguglia A, Natale A, Conio B, De Michiel CF, Lechiara A, Pastorino F, Fusar-Poli L, Costanza A, Amerio A, Amore M, et al. Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Findings. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(17):5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175621
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguglia, Andrea, Antimo Natale, Benedetta Conio, Clio Franziska De Michiel, Alessio Lechiara, Fabrizio Pastorino, Laura Fusar-Poli, Alessandra Costanza, Andrea Amerio, Mario Amore, and et al. 2023. "Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Findings" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 17: 5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175621