Burden of Illness beyond Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Heart Failure in Spain According to Ejection Fraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HF Incident Cohort (n = 19,961; 100%) | HFrEF (n = 8678; 43.5%) | HFmrEF (n = 1022; 5.1%) | HFpEF (n = 5244; 26.3%) | HFpEF (50 to <60%) (n = 1833; 9.2%) | HFpEF (≥60%) (n = 3411; 17.1%) | HFuEF (n = 5017; 25.1%) | p-Value (HFmrEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (HFpEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (EF ≥ 60% vs. 50–60%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biodemographic data | ||||||||||
Age. Years, mean ± SD | 69.7 ± 19.0 | 65.61 ± 18.6 | 72.3 ± 18.8 | 73.4 ± 18.6 | 73.2 ± 18.4 | 73.5 ± 18.7 | 72.3 ± 18.9 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.300 |
<45 years, n (%) | 2653 (13.3) | 1550 (17.9) | 113 (11.1) | 485 (9.3) | 156 (8.5) | 329 (9.6) | 505 (10.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.131 |
45–64 years, n (%) | 5713 (28.6) | 2718 (31.3) | 262 (25.6) | 1350 (25.7) | 492 (26.8) | 858 (25.2) | 1383 (27.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.370 |
65–74 years, n (%) | 2829 (14.2) | 1314 (15.1) | 148 (14.5) | 691 (13.2) | 252 (13.7) | 439 (12.9) | 676 (13.5) | 0.453 | 0.002 | 0.161 |
75–84 years, n (%) | 2953 (14.8) | 1386 (16.0) | 145 (14.2) | 716 (13.7) | 255 (13.9) | 461 (13.5) | 706 (14.1) | 0.587 | <0.001 | 0.805 |
≥85 years, n (%) | 5813 (29.1) | 1710 (19.7) | 354 (34.6) | 2002 (38.2) | 678 (37.0) | 1324 (38.8) | 1747 (34.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.460 |
Sex (male), n (%) | 10,731 (53.8) | 5719 (65.9) | 433 (42.4) | 1772 (33.8) | 608 (33.2) | 1164 (34.1) | 2807 (56.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.486 |
NYHA functional classification | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.558 | |||||||
Class I, n (%) | 2669 (13.4) | 1158 (13.3) | 129 (12.6) | 670 (12.8) | 238 (13.0) | 432 (12.7) | 712 (14.2) | 0.559 | 0.337 | 0.741 |
Class II, n (%) | 8182 (41.0) | 3040 (35.0) | 456 (44.6) | 2704 (51.6) | 940 (51.3) | 1764 (51.7) | 1982 (39.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.765 |
Class III, n (%) | 8274 (41.5) | 4032 (46.5) | 384 (37.6) | 1749 (33.4) | 619 (33.8) | 1130 (33.1) | 2109 (42.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.638 |
Class IV, n (%) | 551 (2.8) | 326 (3.8) | 36 (3.5) | 71 (1.4) | 23 (1.3) | 48 (1.4) | 118 (2.4) | 0.793 | <0.001 | 0.649 |
Unknown, n (%) | 285 (1.4) | 122 (1.4) | 17 (1.7) | 50 (1.0) | 13 (0.7) | 37 (1.1) | 96 (1.9) | 0.487 | 0.019 | 0.182 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 11,793 (59.1) | 5293 (61.0) | 626 (61.3) | 2947 (56.2) | 1055 (57.6) | 1892 (55.5) | 2927 (58.3) | 0.630 | <0.001 | 0.069 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 8959 (44.9) | 3813 (43.9) | 459 (44.9) | 2308 (44.0) | 829 (45.2) | 1479 (43.4) | 2379 (47.4) | 0.947 | 0.167 | 0.203 |
Diabetes type 1, n (%) | 741 (3.7) | 356 (4.1) | 45 (4.4) | 169 (3.2) | 94 (5.1) | 75 (2.2) | 171 (3.4) | 0.598 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diabetes type 2, n (%) | 5511 (27.6) | 2459 (28.3) | 277 (27.1) | 1354 (25.8) | 609 (33.2) | 745 (21.8) | 1421 (28.3) | 0.178 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Vascular disease | ||||||||||
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 6602 (33.1) | 3361 (38.7) | 318 (31.1) | 1376 (26.2) | 475 (25.9) | 901 (26.4) | 1547 (30.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.814 |
Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 3002 (15.0) | 1387 (16.0) | 123 (12.0) | 702 (13.4) | 326 (17.8) | 376 (11.0) | 790 (15.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Unstable angina, n (%) | 1667 (8.4) | 872 (10.1) | 77 (7.5) | 305 (5.8) | 99 (5.4) | 206 (6.0) | 413 (8.2) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.232 |
PCI, n (%) | 369 (1.9) | 160 (1.8) | 16 (1.6) | 108 (2.1) | 37 (2.0) | 71 (2.1) | 85 (1.7) | 0.356 | 0.697 | 0.860 |
CABG, n (%) | 331 (1.7) | 124 (1.4) | 16 (1.6) | 101 (1.9) | 34 (1.9) | 67 (2.0) | 90 (1.8) | 0.797 | 0.082 | 0.670 |
Chronic kidney disease by stage, n (%) | 5337 (26.7) | 2674 (30.8) | 310 (30.3) | 1181 (22.5) | 418 (22.8) | 763 (22.4) | 1172 (23.4) | 0.438 | <0.001 | 0.893 |
Stage Unknown, n (%) | 2221 (11.1) | 1126 (13.0) | 128 (12.5) | 485 (9.3) | 171 (9.3) | 314 (9.2) | 482 (9.6) | |||
Stage I, n (%) | 122 (0.6) | 60 (0.7) | 5 (0.5) | 30 (0.6) | 15 (0.8) | 15 (0.4) | 27 (0.5) | |||
Stage II, n (%) | 561 (2.8) | 271 (3.1) | 30 (2.9) | 144 (2.8) | 45 (2.5) | 99 (2.9) | 116 (2.3) | |||
Stage III, n (%) | 1830 (9.2) | 908 (10.5) | 116 (11.4) | 404 (7.7) | 150 (8.2) | 254 (7.4) | 402 (8.0) | |||
Stage IV, n (%) | 437 (2.2) | 214 (2.5) | 18 (1.8) | 90 (1.7) | 33 (1.8) | 57 (1.7) | 115 (2.3) | |||
Stage V, n (%) | 166 (1.0) | 95 (1.1) | 13 (1.1) | 28 (0.9) | 4 (0.9) | 24 (0.9) | 30 (0.6) | |||
Stroke, n (%) | 2014 (10.1) | 1069 (12.3) | 95 (9.3) | 315 (6.0) | 149 (8.1) | 166 (4.9) | 535 (10.7) | 0.010 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 943 (4.7) | 441 (5.1) | 31 (3.0) | 168 (3.2) | 84 (4.6) | 84 (2.5) | 303 (6.0) | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Other comorbidities | ||||||||||
COPD, n (%) | 2634 (13.2) | 1278 (14.7) | 97 (9.5) | 626 (11.9) | 205 (11.2) | 421 (12.3) | 633 (12.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.145 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 5637 (28.2) | 2043 (23.5) | 304 (29.8) | 1861 (35.5) | 658 (35.9) | 1203 (35.3) | 1429 (28.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.758 |
Cancer, n (%) | 2377 (11.9) | 1077 (12.4) | 117 (11.5) | 567 (10.8) | 190 (10.4) | 377 (11.1) | 616 (12.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.357 |
Hepatic disease, n (%) | 960 (4.8) | 471 (5.4) | 37 (3.6) | 261 (5.0) | 85 (4.6) | 176 (5.2) | 191 (3.8) | 0.007 | 0.073 | 0.332 |
Medications | ||||||||||
HF drugs | ||||||||||
Diuretics, n (%) | 13,845 (69.4) | 6175 (71.2) | 632 (61.8) | 3542 (67.5) | 1258 (68.6) | 2284 (67.0) | 3496 (69.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.666 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 13,992 (70.1) | 6257 (72.1) | 707 (69.2) | 3414 (65.1) | 1206 (65.8) | 2208 (64.7) | 3614 (72.0) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.579 |
ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 10,026 (50.2) | 4967 (57.2) | 370 (36.2) | 1856 (35.4) | 636 (34.7) | 1220 (35.8) | 2833 (56.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.418 |
ARNI, n (%) | 1219 (6.1) | 605 (7.0) | 49 (4.8) | 215 (4.1) | 96 (5.2) | 119 (3.5) | 350 (7.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.410 |
MRA, n (%) | 2360 (11.8) | 1068 (12.3) | 127 (12.4) | 531 (10.1) | 188 (10.3) | 343 (10.1) | 634 (126) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.356 |
Digoxin, n (%) | 4007 (20.1) | 1960 (22.6) | 172 (16.8) | 910 (17.4) | 330 (18.0) | 580 (17.0) | 965 (19.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.057 |
Ivabradine, n (%) | 1218 (6.1) | 616 (7.1) | 37 (3.6) | 249 (4.8) | 106 (5.8) | 143 (4.2) | 316 (6.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.930 |
Hydralazine and nitrate, n (%) | 14 (0.07) | 7 (0.08) | 1 (0.10) | 4 (0.08) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 2 (0.04) | 0.955 | 0.477 | 0.953 |
Other cardiovascular drugs | ||||||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 10,664 (53.4) | 4992 (57.5) | 588 (57.5) | 2554 (48.7) | 864 (47.1) | 1690 (49.5) | 2530 (50.4) | 0.066 | <0.001 | 0.901 |
Antiplatelets, n (%) | 7319 (36.7) | 3612 (41.6) | 359 (35.1) | 1582 (30.2) | 538 (29.4) | 1044 (30.6) | 1766 (35.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.851 |
Anticoagulants, n (%) | 5337 (26.7) | 1868 (21.5) | 240 (23.5) | 1814 (34.6) | 616 (33.6) | 1198 (35.1) | 1415 (28.2) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.769 |
Calcium channel blockers | 3349 (16.8) | 822 (9.5) | 149 (14.6) | 1449 (27.6) | 515 (28.1) | 934 (27.4) | 929 (18.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.493 |
Nitrates, n (%) | 2419 (12.1) | 1065 (12.3) | 144 (14.1) | 570 (10.9) | 211 (11.5) | 359 (10.5) | 640 (12.8) | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.051 |
Nicorandil, n (%) | 17 (0.09) | 4 (0.05) | 0 | 7 (0.13) | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 0.346 | 0.533 | 0.953 |
Antihyperglycemic drugs | ||||||||||
Metformin, n (%) | 4069 (20.4) | 1881 (21.7) | 190 (18.6) | 1009 (19.2) | 340 (18.5) | 669 (19.6) | 989 (19.7) | 0.078 | 0.005 | 0.634 |
DPP4i, n (%) | 2442 (12.2) | 1219 (14.1) | 82 (8.0) | 470 (9.0) | 158 (8.6) | 312 (9.1) | 671 (13.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.757 |
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 2342 (11.7) | 1052 (12.1) | 149 (14.6) | 566 (10.8) | 188 (10.3) | 378 (11.1) | 575 (11.5 | 0.041 | 0.120 | 0.256 |
SGLT2is, n (%) | 1779 (8.9) | 729 (8.4) | 86 (8.4) | 505 (9.6) | 190 (10.4) | 315 (9.2) | 459 (9.2) | 0.003 | 0.463 | 0.836 |
Insulin, n (%) | 1462 (7.3) | 640 (7.4) | 71 (7.0) | 369 (7.0) | 128 (7.0) | 241 (7.1) | 382 (7.6) | 0.412 | 0.102 | 0.083 |
GLP1-RA, n (%) | 240 (1.2) | 101 (1.2) | 19 (1.9) | 72 (1.4) | 31 (1.7) | 41 (1.2) | 48 (1.0) | 0.315 | 0.149 | 0.795 |
Other glucose-lowering drugs, n (%) | 864 (4.3) | 443 (5.1) | 29 (2.8) | 160 (3.1) | 57 (3.1) | 103 (3.0) | 232 (4.6) | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.017 |
Individual active prescriptions | ||||||||||
0, n (%) | 8 (0.04) | 1 (0.01) | 0 | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.02) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
1, n (%) | 81 (0.4) | 23 (0.27) | 2 (0.2) | 37 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | 25 (0.7) | 19 (0.4) | |||
2, n (%) | 376 (1.9) | 91 (1.1) | 44 (4.3) | 155 (3.0) | 38 (2.1) | 117 (3.4) | 86 (1.7) | |||
3, n (%) | 1227 (6.2) | 324 (3.7) | 110 (10.8) | 475 (9.1) | 149 (8.1) | 326 (9.6) | 318 (6.3) | |||
4, n (%) | 2543 (12.7) | 860 (9.9) | 186 (18.2) | 880 (16.8) | 326 (17.8) | 554 (16.2) | 617 (12.3) | |||
≥5, n (%) | 15,726 (78.8) | 7379 (85.0) | 680 (66.5) | 3691 (70.4) | 1304 (71.2) | 2387 (69.9) | 3976 (79.3) |
HF Incident Cohort | HFrEF | HFmrEF | HFpEF | HFpEF (50 to <60%) | HFpEF (≥60%) | HFuEF | p-Value (HFmrEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (HFpEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (EF ≥ 60% vs. 50–60%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 19,961) | ||||||||||
Diuretics, n (%) | 13,845 (69.4) | 6175 (71.2) | 632 (61.8) | 3542 (67.5) | 1258 (68.6) | 2284 (67.0) | 3496 (69.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.666 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 13,992 (70.1) | 6257 (72.1) | 707 (69.2) | 3414 (65.1) | 1206 (65.8) | 2208 (64.7) | 3614 (72.0) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.579 |
ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 10,026 (50.2) | 4967 (57.2) | 370 (36.2) | 1856 (35.4) | 636 (34.7) | 1220 (35.8) | 2833 (56.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.418 |
ARNI, n (%) | 1219 (6.1) | 605 (7.0) | 49 (4.8) | 215 (4.1) | 96 (5.2) | 119 (3.5) | 350 (7.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.410 |
MRA, n (%) | 2360 (11.8) | 1068 (12.3) | 127 (12.4) | 531 (10.1) | 188 (10.3) | 343 (10.1) | 634 (126) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.356 |
SGLT2is, n (%) | 1779 (8.9) | 729 (8.4) | 86 (8.4) | 505 (9.6) | 190 (10.4) | 315 (9.2) | 459 (9.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.836 |
Digoxin, n (%) | 4007 (20.1) | 1960 (22.6) | 172 (16.8) | 910 (17.4) | 330 (18.0) | 580 (17.0) | 965 (19.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.057 |
Ivabradine, n (%) | 1218 (6.1) | 616 (7.1) | 37 (3.6) | 249 (4.8) | 106 (5.8) | 143 (4.2) | 316 (6.3) | 0.955 | 0.477 | 0.930 |
Hydralazine and nitrate, n (%) | 14 (0.07) | 7 (0.08) | 1 (0.10) | 4 (0.08) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 2 (0.04) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.953 |
6 months (n = 19,818) | ||||||||||
Diuretics, n (%) | 14,196 (71.6) | 6303 (73.2) | 651 (64.1) | 3642 (70.0) | 1279 (70.2) | 2363 (69.9) | 3600 (72.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.929 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 14,105 (71.2) | 6289 (73.0) | 717 (70.6) | 3453 (66.4) | 1219 (66.9) | 2234 (66.1) | 3646 (73.1) | 0.118 | <0.001 | 0.941 |
ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 10,329 (52.1) | 5069 (58.8) | 386 (38.0) | 1969 (37.9%) | 681 (37.4) | 1288 (38.1) | 2905 (58.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.175 |
ARNI, n (%) | 1720 (8.7) | 811 (9.4) | 74 (7.3) | 365 (7.0) | 147 (8.1) | 218 (6.4) | 470 (9.4) | 0.027 | <0.001 | 0.956 |
MRA, n (%) | 3035 (15.3) | 1350 (15.7) | 169 (16.6) | 700 (13.5) | 257 (14.1) | 443 (13.1) | 816 (16.4) | 0.415 | <0.001 | 0.616 |
SGLT2is, n (%) | 1852 (9.4) | 754 (8.8) | 91 (9.0) | 530 (10.2) | 196 (10.8) | 334 (9.9) | 477 (9.6) | 0.817 | 0.005 | 0.928 |
Digoxin, n (%) | 4299 (21.7) | 2097 (24.3) | 189 (18.6) | 982 (18.9) | 350 (19.2) | 632 (18.7) | 1031 (20.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.055 |
Ivabradine, n (%) | 1346 (6.8) | 670 (7.7) | 43 (4.2) | 278 (5.3) | 118 (6.5) | 160 (4.7) | 355 (7.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.387 |
Hydralazine and nitrate, n (%) | 82 (0.4) | 37 (0.4) | 5 (0.5) | 19 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 9 (0.3) | 21 (0.4) | 0.772 | 0.563 | 0.117 |
12 months (n = 19,309) | ||||||||||
Diuretics, n (%) | 14,249 (73.8) | 6320 (75.4) | 661 (66.8) | 3664 (72.3) | 1283 (72.4) | 2381 (72.3) | 3604 (74.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.929 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 13,965 (72.3) | 6215 (74.2) | 712 (71.9) | 3433 (67.8) | 1209 (68.2) | 2224 (67.5) | 3605 (74.0) | 0.192 | <0.001 | 0.941 |
ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 10,455 (54.2) | 5069 (60.5) | 405 (40.9) | 2044 (40.3) | 702 (39.6) | 1342 (40.7) | 2937 (60.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.175 |
ARNI, n (%) | 2156 (11.2) | 1003 (12.0) | 97 (9.8) | 478 (9.4) | 185 (10.4) | 293 (8.9) | 578 (11.9) | 0.049 | <0.001 | 0.637 |
MRA, n (%) | 3655 (18.9) | 1598 (19.1) | 206 (20.8) | 881 (17.4) | 314 (17.7) | 567 (17.2) | 970 (19.9) | 0.176 | 0.016 | 0.616 |
SGLT2i, n (%) | 1895 (9.8) | 783 (9.3) | 95 (9.6) | 526 (10.4) | 189 (10.7) | 337 (10.2) | 491 (10.1) | 0.774 | 0.048 | 0.865 |
Digoxin, n (%) | 4481 (23.2) | 2167 (25.9) | 204 (20.6) | 1025 (20.2) | 368 (20.8) | 657 (19.9) | 1085 (22.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.055 |
Ivabradine, n (%) | 1471 (7.6) | 719 (8.6) | 48 (4.9) | 306 (6.0) | 125 (7.1) | 181 (5.5) | 398 (8.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.233 |
Hydralazine and nitrate, n (%) | 135 (0.7) | 62 (0.7) | 8 (0.8) | 30 (0.6) | 13 (0.7) | 17 (0.5) | 35 (0.7) | 0.807 | 0.315 | 0.367 |
All HF (N = 19,961) | HFrEF (N = 8678) | HFmrEF (N = 1022) | HFpEF (N = 5244) | HFpEF (50 to <60%) (N = 1833) | HFpEF (≥60%) (N = 3411) | HFuEF (N = 5017) | p-Value (HFmrEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (HFpEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (EF ≥ 60% vs. 50–60%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rates 1 | ||||||||||
Myocardial infarction | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.032 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 1851 | 1027 | 85 | 372 | 149 | 223 | 367 | |||
Total person-years | 70,635 | 30,639 | 3630 | 18,951 | 6578 | 12,373 | 17,415 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 26.2 (25.1–27.4) | 33.5 (31.6–35.6) | 23.4 (19–28.9) | 19.6 (17.7–21.7) | 22.7 (19.3–26.5) | 18 (15.8–20.5) | 21.1 (19–23.3) | |||
Stroke | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.025 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 1414 | 816 | 52 | 253 | 105 | 148 | 293 | |||
Total person-years | 71,553 | 31,224 | 3631 | 19,129 | 6642 | 12,487 | 17,569 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 19.8 (18.8–20.8) | 26.1 (24.4–28) | 14.3 (10.9–18.7) | 13.2 (11.7–14.9) | 15.8 (13.1–19.1) | 11.9 (10.1–13.9) | 16.7 (14.9–18.7) | |||
All-cause mortality | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.042 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 6775 | 3605 | 295 | 1455 | 540 | 915 | 1420 | |||
Total person-years | 66,280 | 29,052 | 3324 | 17,546 | 6111 | 11,435 | 16,358 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 102.2 (99.9–104.5) | 124.1 (120.3–127.9) | 88.7 (79.6–98.9) | 82.9 (78.9–87.1) | 88.4 (81.5–95.7) | 80 (75.2–85.1) | 86.8 (82.6–91.2) | |||
Composite MACE | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 8136 | 4282 | 365 | 1755 | 658 | 1097 | 1734 | |||
Total person-years | 54,644 | 25,660 | 3026 | 16,167 | 5563 | 10,604 | 15,009 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 148.9 (145.9–151.9) | 166.9 (162.4–171.5) | 120.6 (109.5–132.7) | 108.6 (103.9–113.4) | 118.3 (110–127) | 103.5 (97.8–109.4) | 115.5 (110.5–120.7) | |||
HF hospitalization | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.157 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 7464 | 3757 | 399 | 1606 | 585 | 1021 | 1702 | |||
Total person-years | 60.651 | 25.968 | 3.106 | 16.530 | 5.720 | 10.810 | 15.047 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 123.1 (120.5–125.7) | 144.7 (140.5–149) | 128.4 (117.1–140.7) | 97.2 (92.7–101.8) | 102.3 (94.7–110.4) | 94.5 (89.1–100.1) | 113.1 (108.2–118.3) | |||
HF hospitalization and mortality * | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.127 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 11,037 | 5536 | 551 | 2472 | 897 | 1575 | 2478 | |||
Total person-years | 60.651 | 25.968 | 3.106 | 16.530 | 5.720 | 10.810 | 15.047 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 182 (178.9–185.1) | 213.2 (208.2–218.2) | 177.4 (164.3–191.2) | 149.5 (144.2–155.1) | 156.8 (147.6–166.5) | 145.7 (139.2–152.5) | 164.7 (158.8–170.7) | |||
Event Rates 2 | ||||||||||
Myocardial infarction | 0.003 | 0.070 | 0.072 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 2873 | 1542 | 138 | 635 | 244 | 391 | 558 | |||
Total person-years | 71,433 | 31,082 | 3661 | 19,152 | 6652 | 12,500 | 17,538 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 40.2 (38.8–41.7) | 49.6 (47.3–52.1) | 37.7 (32–44.4) | 33.2 (30.7–35.8) | 36.7 (32.4–41.5) | 31.3 (28.4–34.5) | 31.8 (29.3–34.5) | |||
Stroke | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.100 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 2277 | 1245 | 97 | 459 | 175 | 284 | 476 | |||
Total person-years | 72,418 | 31,699 | 3653 | 19,331 | 6718 | 12,613 | 17,735 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 31.4 (30.2–32.7) | 39.3 (37.2–41.5) | 26.6 (21.8–32.3) | 23.7 (21.7–26) | 26 (22.5–30.1) | 22.5 (20.1–25.3) | 26.8 (24.6–29.3) | |||
HF: hospitalization | 0.000 | <0.001 | 0.116 | |||||||
Patients with outcome (n) | 13,567 | 7733 | 610 | 2658 | 967 | 1691 | 2566 | |||
Total person-years | 66.280 | 29.052 | 3.324 | 17.546 | 6.111 | 11.435 | 16.358 | |||
Rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | 204.7 (201.6–207.8) | 266.2 (261.1–271.3) | 183.5 (170.7–197) | 151.5 (146.3–156.9) | 158.2 (149.3–167.6) | 147.9 (141.5–154.5) | 156.9 (151.4–162.5) |
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Escobar, C.; Palacios, B.; Gonzalez, V.; Gutiérrez, M.; Duong, M.; Chen, H.; Justo, N.; Cid-Ruzafa, J.; Hernández, I.; Hunt, P.R.; et al. Burden of Illness beyond Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Heart Failure in Spain According to Ejection Fraction. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062410
Escobar C, Palacios B, Gonzalez V, Gutiérrez M, Duong M, Chen H, Justo N, Cid-Ruzafa J, Hernández I, Hunt PR, et al. Burden of Illness beyond Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Heart Failure in Spain According to Ejection Fraction. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(6):2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062410
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscobar, Carlos, Beatriz Palacios, Victoria Gonzalez, Martín Gutiérrez, Mai Duong, Hungta Chen, Nahila Justo, Javier Cid-Ruzafa, Ignacio Hernández, Phillip R. Hunt, and et al. 2023. "Burden of Illness beyond Mortality and Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Heart Failure in Spain According to Ejection Fraction" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 6: 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062410