Both Moderate and Heavy Alcohol Use Amplify the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Smoking in Young Patients with Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Follow-up and Outcomes
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between Lifestyle Factors
3.2. Association with Cardiovascular and Renal Events
3.3. Risk in Smokers by Level of Alcohol Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Alcohol No Smoking No (N = 525) | Alcohol Yes Smoking No (N = 429) | Alcohol No Smoking Yes (N = 112) | Alcohol Yes Smoking Yes (N = 142) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value | |
Age, years | 30.8 | 8.8 | 35.4 * | 7.7 | 32.4 | 8.0 | 34.8 * | 7.9 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 | 3.7 | 25.6 | 2.9 | 25.7 | 3.4 | 25.4 | 3.1 | 0.07 |
Office SBP, mmHg | 145.9 | 10.7 | 145.6 | 10.0 | 144.5 | 10.7 | 144.5 | 11.2 | 0.37 |
Office DBP, mmHg | 92.9 | 6.1 | 94.4 | 5.1 | 93.3 | 5.4 | 93.3 | 6.1 | 0.26 |
Heart rate, bpm | 75.7 | 9.6 | 73.4 | 9.1 | 75.3 | 9.6 | 73.1 | 9.7 | 0.13 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.4 | 36.7 | 201.2 | 39.0 | 197.2 | 38.2 | 200.2 | 39.9 | 0.92 |
24-h SBP, mmHg | 130.3 | 10.9 | 131.2 | 10.2 | 131.4 | 12.5 | 133.8 † | 10.6 | 0.014 |
24-h DBP, mmHg | 81.7 | 8.2 | 81.8 | 8.0 | 81.3 | 8.4 | 82.3 | 8.1 | 0.60 |
Sex, male % | 64.8 | -- | 81.2 | -- | 60.7 | -- | 85.2 | -- | <0.001 |
Coffee use, yes % | 62.7 | -- | 83.5 | -- | 70.5 | -- | 88.7 | -- | <0.001 |
Physical activity, yes % | 43.0 | -- | 35.7 | -- | 29.5 | -- | 39.4 | -- | 0.02 |
MACE, yes % | 6.3 | -- | 8.6 | -- | 9.8 | -- | 18.3 | -- | <0.001 |
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Palatini, P.; Mos, L.; Saladini, F.; Vriz, O.; Fania, C.; Ermolao, A.; Battista, F.; Canevari, M.; Rattazzi, M. Both Moderate and Heavy Alcohol Use Amplify the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Smoking in Young Patients with Hypertension. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082792
Palatini P, Mos L, Saladini F, Vriz O, Fania C, Ermolao A, Battista F, Canevari M, Rattazzi M. Both Moderate and Heavy Alcohol Use Amplify the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Smoking in Young Patients with Hypertension. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(8):2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082792
Chicago/Turabian StylePalatini, Paolo, Lucio Mos, Francesca Saladini, Olga Vriz, Claudio Fania, Andrea Ermolao, Francesca Battista, Mattia Canevari, and Marcello Rattazzi. 2023. "Both Moderate and Heavy Alcohol Use Amplify the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Smoking in Young Patients with Hypertension" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8: 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082792