Decreased Interoceptive Awareness as a Risk Factor for Moderate to Severe Pain in Japanese Full-Time Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Pain Intensity
2.2.2. Interoceptive Awareness
2.2.3. Psychological Distress
2.2.4. Fear of Movement
2.2.5. Work Stress
2.2.6. Home Stress
2.2.7. Demographic and Lifestyle Related Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Association of Emotional Stability and the Onset of Pain
4.2. Prevention of Pain Chronicity
4.3. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pain Intensity in 2020 | Slight or No Pain | Moderate to Severe Pain | t or Z | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 107 | 114 | |||||
Age (years), mean (SEM) | 40.87 | (1.07) | 41.8 | (1.03) | 0.64 | 0.521 | |
Male, n (%) | 95 | (88.79) | 90 | (78.95) | 3.99 | 0.046 | * |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SEM) | 23.12 | (0.31) | 23.1 | (0.30) | 0.00 | 0.999 | |
Low education, n (%) | 28 | (26.17) | 27 | (23.68) | 2.34 | 0.673 | |
Short sleep (< 6 h/day), n (%) | 73 | (68.22) | 78 | (68.42) | 0.00 | 0.975 | |
Work stress, mean (SEM) | 30.59 | (0.82) | 32.3 | (0.79) | 1.53 | 0.128 | |
Home stress, mean (SEM) | 22.54 | (0.46) | 23.2 | (0.45) | 1.06 | 0.292 | |
TSK, mean (SEM) | 22.92 | (0.46) | 23.3 | (0.45) | 0.57 | 0.572 | |
Psychological distress (K6 ≥ 13), n (%) | 11 | (10.28) | 11 | (9.65) | 0.03 | 0.876 | |
MAIA, mean (SEM) | |||||||
Not distracting | 3.25 | (0.12) | 2.8 | (0.12) | −2.90 | 0.004 | ** |
Not worrying | 3.00 | (0.09) | 2.7 | (0.09) | −2.05 | 0.042 | * |
Attention regulation | 2.99 | (0.09) | 2.8 | (0.09) | −1.14 | 0.255 | |
Self-regulation | 2.92 | (0.10) | 2.8 | (0.09) | −1.14 | 0.254 | |
Trusting | 2.92 | (0.10) | 2.8 | (0.10) | −1.12 | 0.265 | |
No exercise habit, n (%) | 28 | (26.17) | 43 | (32.13) | 3.40 | 0.065 |
Odds Ratio | 95% CI (LL, UL) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.028 | (0.999, 1.057) | 0.053 | |
Male | 0.368 | (0.154, 0.881) | 0.025 | * |
Work stress | 1.025 | (0.988, 1.064) | 0.190 | |
Home stress | 0.992 | (0.933, 1.055) | 0.804 | |
TSK | 0.984 | (0.923, 1.049) | 0.620 | |
Psychological distress | 0.453 | (0.163, 1.256) | 0.128 | |
Emotional stability | 0.640 | (0.463, 0.887) | 0.006 | ** |
Self-control | 0.853 | (0.612, 1.188) | 0.345 | |
No exercise habit | 1.719 | (0.924, 3.198) | 0.087 |
Slight or No Pain in 2018 (N = 111) | Moderate to Severe Pain in 2018 (N = 110) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI (LL, UL) | p | Odds Ratio | 95% CI (LL, UL) | p | |||
Age | 1.052 | (1.003, 1.102) | 0.030 | * | 1.016 | (0.974, 1.059) | 0.467 | |
Male | 0.346 | (0.066, 1.809) | 0.209 | 0.441 | (0.129, 1.511) | 0.193 | ||
Work stress | 1.033 | (0.980, 1.088) | 0.229 | 1.039 | (0.973, 1.109) | 0.242 | ||
Home stress | 0.917 | (0.829, 1.015) | 0.094 | 1.035 | (0.944, 1.135) | 0.464 | ||
TSK | 0.917 | (0.820, 1.025) | 0.123 | 0.966 | (0.879, 1.062) | 0.475 | ||
Psychological distress | 0.449 | (0.108, 1.858) | 0.269 | 0.657 | (0.098, 4.410) | 0.665 | ||
Emotional stability | 0.406 | (0.236, 0.699) | 0.001 | *** | 1.046 | (0.606, 1.803) | 0.872 | |
Self-control | 0.790 | (0.473, 1.319) | 0.365 | 1.094 | (0.633, 1.891) | 0.747 | ||
No exercise habit | 0.974 | (0.359, 2.643) | 0.959 | 3.956 | (1.391, 11.255) | 0.010 | ** |
2018 | 2020 | No Exercise Habit | Time | No Exerice Habit × Time | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (SEM) | Mean | (SEM) | F | p | F | p | F | p | ||||
TSK | 23.99 | (0.48) | 22.85 | (0.58) | 7.715 | 0.007 | ** | 4.737 | 0.032 | * | 5.131 | 0.026 | * |
Work stress | 31.89 | (0.80) | 31.12 | (0.82) | 0.199 | 0.656 | 0.138 | 0.711 | 0.220 | 0.640 | |||
Home stress | 23.35 | (0.49) | 23.80 | (0.47) | 0.030 | 0.863 | 0.549 | 0.460 | 0.001 | 0.980 | |||
MAIA | |||||||||||||
Attention regulation | 2.88 | (0.09) | 2.89 | (0.10) | 0.015 | 0.904 | 0.076 | 0.784 | 0.038 | 0.846 | |||
Self-regulation | 2.81 | (0.09) | 2.82 | (0.10) | 3.735 | 0.056 | 0.025 | 0.876 | 0.014 | 0.906 | |||
Trusting | 2.75 | (0.10) | 2.77 | (0.10) | 4.303 | 0.041 | * | 0.233 | 0.630 | 0.155 | 0.694 | ||
Not distracting | 2.84 | (0.11) | 2.98 | (0.12) | 0.850 | 0.359 | 0.160 | 0.690 | 1.688 | 0.197 | |||
Not worrying | 2.78 | (0.09) | 2.68 | (0.09) | 0.751 | 0.388 | 0.277 | 0.600 | 0.278 | 0.599 |
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Takaoka, S.; Wakaizumi, K.; Tanaka, C.; Tanaka, S.; Kawate, M.; Hoshino, R.; Matsudaira, K.; Fujisawa, D.; Morisaki, H.; Kosugi, S. Decreased Interoceptive Awareness as a Risk Factor for Moderate to Severe Pain in Japanese Full-Time Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082896
Takaoka S, Wakaizumi K, Tanaka C, Tanaka S, Kawate M, Hoshino R, Matsudaira K, Fujisawa D, Morisaki H, Kosugi S. Decreased Interoceptive Awareness as a Risk Factor for Moderate to Severe Pain in Japanese Full-Time Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(8):2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082896
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakaoka, Saki, Kenta Wakaizumi, Chisato Tanaka, Shintaro Tanaka, Morihiko Kawate, Reiko Hoshino, Ko Matsudaira, Daisuke Fujisawa, Hiroshi Morisaki, and Shizuko Kosugi. 2023. "Decreased Interoceptive Awareness as a Risk Factor for Moderate to Severe Pain in Japanese Full-Time Workers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8: 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082896