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Article

Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers

by
Natalia Syrimi
1,2,*,
Flora Sourri
2,
Maria-Christina Giannakopoulou
3,4,
Dimitrios Karamanis
5,6,
Asterios Pantousas
7,
Persefoni Georgota
8,
Eleni Rokka
9,
Zoe Vladeni
2,
Euaggelia Tsiantoula
10,
Evangelia Soukara
3,
Nikoletta Lavda
3,
Dimitrios Gkaragkanis
3,
Aikaterini Zisaki
2,
Panagiotis Vakalidis
10,
Vasiliki Goula
10,
Evdokia Loupou
10,
Leonidas Palaiodimos
11 and
Dimitrios Hatzigeorgiou
4
1
Paediatric Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
2
Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
3
COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
4
Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
5
Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen St., Newark, NJ 07107, USA
6
Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, Karaoli and Dimitriou 80, 18534 Piraeus, Greece
7
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
8
Immunology Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
9
Oncology Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
10
Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
11
Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(9), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093172
Submission received: 3 March 2023 / Revised: 21 April 2023 / Accepted: 26 April 2023 / Published: 28 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19: Clinical Advances and Challenges)
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Abstract

In this study, we aimed to illustrate the trajectory of humoral and cellular immunity nine months after primary vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among 189 healthcare workers (HCWs). Additionally, we endeavored to identify correlations between immunity parameters and a number of common variables and comorbidities. A total of 189 healthcare workers (HCWs), vaccinated against COVID-19, were finally included in the study. All of the subjects had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine; had undergone antibody tests one, four and nine months post-vaccination; and had completed a medical questionnaire. Further samples taken at nine months were tested for cellular immunity. No participants had evidence of COVID-19 infection pre- or post-vaccination. An anti-S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay was used to assess humoral response, and cellular immunity was estimated with an INF-γ release assay (IGRA). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA. We report a statistically significant antibody drop over time. Being above the age of 40 or a smoker reduces the rise of antibodies by 37% and 28%, respectively. More than half of the participants did not demonstrate T-cell activation at nine months. Female gender and antibody levels at four months predispose detection of cellular immunity at nine months post-immunization. This study furthers the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal understanding of the immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and the effect of correlated factors.
Keywords: antibodies; cellular immunity; COVID-19; humoral immunity; INF-γ release assay; mRNA vaccine antibodies; cellular immunity; COVID-19; humoral immunity; INF-γ release assay; mRNA vaccine

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Syrimi, N.; Sourri, F.; Giannakopoulou, M.-C.; Karamanis, D.; Pantousas, A.; Georgota, P.; Rokka, E.; Vladeni, Z.; Tsiantoula, E.; Soukara, E.; et al. Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093172

AMA Style

Syrimi N, Sourri F, Giannakopoulou M-C, Karamanis D, Pantousas A, Georgota P, Rokka E, Vladeni Z, Tsiantoula E, Soukara E, et al. Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(9):3172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093172

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syrimi, Natalia, Flora Sourri, Maria-Christina Giannakopoulou, Dimitrios Karamanis, Asterios Pantousas, Persefoni Georgota, Eleni Rokka, Zoe Vladeni, Euaggelia Tsiantoula, Evangelia Soukara, and et al. 2023. "Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 9: 3172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093172

APA Style

Syrimi, N., Sourri, F., Giannakopoulou, M.-C., Karamanis, D., Pantousas, A., Georgota, P., Rokka, E., Vladeni, Z., Tsiantoula, E., Soukara, E., Lavda, N., Gkaragkanis, D., Zisaki, A., Vakalidis, P., Goula, V., Loupou, E., Palaiodimos, L., & Hatzigeorgiou, D. (2023). Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(9), 3172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093172

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