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Review

Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action

by
Nathaniel C. Nelson
,
Rebecca Kogan
,
Rany Condos
and
Kerry M. Hena
*
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, 301 E 17th St Suite 550, New York, NY 10003, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010015
Submission received: 14 November 2023 / Revised: 5 December 2023 / Accepted: 7 December 2023 / Published: 19 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis)
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Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease with heterogenous clinical phenotypes characterized by non-necrotizing granuloma formation in affected organs. Most disease either remits spontaneously or responds to corticosteroids and second-line disease-modifying therapies. These medications are associated with numerous toxicities that can significantly impact patient quality-of-life and often limit their long-term use. Additionally, a minority of patients experience chronic, progressive disease that proves refractory to standard treatments. To date, there are limited data to guide the selection of alternative third-line medications for these patients. This review will outline the pathobiological rationale behind current and emerging therapeutic agents for refractory or drug-intolerant sarcoidosis and summarize the existing clinical evidence in support of their use.
Keywords: sarcoidosis; refractory; therapy; granuloma; fibrosis sarcoidosis; refractory; therapy; granuloma; fibrosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nelson, N.C.; Kogan, R.; Condos, R.; Hena, K.M. Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010015

AMA Style

Nelson NC, Kogan R, Condos R, Hena KM. Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson, Nathaniel C., Rebecca Kogan, Rany Condos, and Kerry M. Hena. 2024. "Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010015

APA Style

Nelson, N. C., Kogan, R., Condos, R., & Hena, K. M. (2024). Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010015

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