Prevalence and Correlates of High Stress and Low Resilience among Teachers in Three Canadian Provinces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To determine the prevalence of high stress and low resilience among Alberta, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador teachers.
- To determine the sociodemographic, work-related, and other potential correlates of perceived high stress and low resilience among teachers in Alberta, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador.
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Settings
2.3. Data Collection and Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Data Collection
2.3.2. Outcome Measures
2.3.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics Approval
3. Results
Univariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Implications for Policy and Practice
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Rural Setting n (%) N = 319 | Urban Setting n (%) N = 493 | Total n (%) N = 810 |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
Age (years) | |||
18–25 | 13 (4.1%) | 14 (2.9%) | 27 (3.3%) |
26–40 | 118 (37.0%) | 187 (38.1%) | 305 (37.7%) |
41–60 | 180 (56.4%) | 277 (56.4%) | 457 (56.4%) |
61 and above | 8 (2.5%) | 13 (2.6%) | 21 (2.6%) |
Sex at birth | |||
Male | 39 (12.2%) | 60 (12.2%) | 99 (12.2%) |
Female | 280 (87.8%) | 431 (87.8%) | 711 (87.8%) |
Provinces | |||
Alberta | 180 (56.4%) | 390 (79.4%) | 570 (70.4%) |
Newfoundland | 56 (17.6%) | 47 (9.6%) | 103 (12.7%) |
Nova Scotia | 83 (26.0%) | 54 (11.0%) | 137(16.9%) |
Relationship status | |||
Single | 42 (13.2%) | 80 (16.3%) | 122 (15.1%) |
Married | 210 (65.8%) | 306 (62.3%) | 516 (63.7%) |
Common-law or partnered | 49 (15.4%) | 65 (13.2%) | 114 (14.1%) |
Separated or divorced | 14 (4.4%) | 33 (6.7%) | 47 (5.8%) |
Other | 4 (1.3%) | 7 (1.4%) | 11 (1.4) |
Number of children | |||
No child | 92 (28.8%) | 166 (33.8%) | 258 (31.9%) |
One child | 43 (13.5%) | 75 (15.3%) | 118 (14.6%) |
Two children | 136 (42.6%) | 174 (35.4%) | 310 (38.3%) |
Three children | 32 (10.0%) | 54 (11.0%) | 86 (10.6%) |
Four or more children | 16 (5.0%) | 22 (4.5%) | 38 (4.7%) |
Ethnicity | |||
Indigenous | 11 (3.4%) | 7 (1.4%) | 18 (2.2%) |
African descent | 4 (1.3%) | 5 (1.0%) | 9 (1.1%) |
East Asian | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (2.4%) | 12 (1.5%) |
Latino | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (1.8%) | 9 (1.1%) |
Middle Eastern | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.0%) | 5 (0.6%) |
South Asian | 1 (0.3%) | 8 (1.6%) | 9 (1.1%) |
Caucasian (European descent) | 297 (93.1%) | 435 (88.6%) | 732 (90.4%) |
Other ethnicities | 6 (1.9%) | 10 (2.0%) | 16 (2.0%) |
Housing status | |||
Own home | 263 (82.4%) | 408 (83.1%) | 671 (82.8%) |
Rented accommodation | 45 (14.1%) | 69 (14.1%) | 114 (14.1%) |
Living with family or a friend | 11 (3.4%) | 14 (2.9%) | 25 (3.1%) |
Area of teaching specialization | |||
English | 57 (17.9%) | 79 (16.1%) | 136 (16.8%) |
Mathematics | 26 (8.2%) | 35 (7.1%) | 61 (7.5%) |
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) | 17 (5.3%) | 39 (7.9%) | 56 (6.9%) |
Arts (History, Geography, Social Studies, etc.) | 27 (8.5%) | 45 (9.2%) | 72 (8.9%) |
Music | 10 (3.1%) | 13 (2.6%) | 23 (2.8%) |
Physical Education | 8 (2.5%) | 13 (2.6%) | 21 (2.6%) |
Other | 174 (54.5%) | 267 (54.4%) | 441 (54.4%) |
Teach only in your area of specialization | |||
No | 190 (59.6%) | 274 (55.8%) | 464 (57.3%) |
Yes | 129 (40.4%) | 217 (44.2%) | 346 (42.7%) |
Number of years teaching | |||
5 years or less | 45 (14.1%) | 72 (14.7%) | 117 (14.4%) |
10 years or less but more than 5 years | 44 (13.8%) | 101 (20.6%) | 145 (17.9%) |
20 years or less but more than 10 years | 124 (38.9%) | 183 (37.3%) | 307 (37.9%) |
More than 20 years | 106 (33.2%) | 135 (27.5%) | 241 (29.8%) |
Average classes size | |||
20 or less | 96 (30.1%) | 72 (14.7%) | 168 (20.7%) |
21–27 | 177 (55.5%) | 247 (50.3%) | 424 (52.3%) |
28 or more | 46 (14.4%) | 172 (35.0%) | 218 (26.9%) |
School institution (type) | |||
Catholic school | 36 (11.3%) | 116 (23.6%) | 152 (18.8%) |
Public school | 277 (86.8%) | 365 (74.3%) | 642 (79.3%) |
Other | 6 (1.9%) | 10 (2.0%) | 16 (2.0%) |
Major role | |||
Elementary school teacher | 141 (44.2%) | 218 (44.4%) | 359 (44.3%) |
Junior high school teacher | 57 (17.9%) | 92 (18.7%) | 149 (18.4%) |
Senior high school teacher | 46 (14.4%) | 74 (15.1%) | 120 (14.8%) |
Support staff | 12 (3.8%) | 22 (4.5%) | 34 (4.2%) |
Administrator | 28 (8.8%) | 42 (8.6%) | 70 (8.6%) |
Other | 35 (11.0%) | 43 (8.8%) | 78 (9.6%) |
Source of stress | |||
Workload | 179 (56.1%) | 274 (55.8%) | 453 (55.9%) |
Student behaviour | 68 (21.3%) | 101 (20.6%) | 169 (20.9%) |
Class size | 14 (4.4%) | 29 (5.9%) | 43 (5.3%) |
Lack of support from the school administration | 25 (7.8%) | 37 (7.5%) | 62 (7.7%) |
Other | 33 (10.3%) | 50 (10.2%) | 83 (10.2%) |
Variables | Low to Moderate Stress n (%) N = 597 | High Stress n (%) N = 213 | Chi2/Fisher Exact | p Value | Normal to High Resilience n (%) N = 450 | Low Resilience n (%) N = 301 | Chi2/Fisher Exact | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
Age (years) | 16.95 | 0.001 | 18.60 | 0.00 | ||||
18–25 | 19 (70.4%) | 8 (29.6%) | 11 (44.0%) | 14 (56.0%) | ||||
26–40 | 203 (66.6%) | 102 (33.4%) | 152 (53.3%) | 133 (46.7%) | ||||
41–60 | 355 (77.7%) | 102 (22.3%) | 268 (63.8%) | 152 (36.2%) | ||||
61 and above | 20 (95.2%) | 1 (4.8%) | 19 (90.5%) | 2 (9.5%) | ||||
Sex at birth | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 0.57 | ||||
Male | 73 (73.7%) | 26 (26.3%) | 58 (63.0%) | 34 (37.0%) | ||||
Female | 524 (73.7%) | 187 (26.3%) | 392 (59.5%) | 267 (40.5%) | ||||
Provinces | 3.15 | 0.21 | 2.62 | 0.27 | ||||
Alberta | 412 (72.3%) | 158 (27.7%) | 309 (58.6%) | 218 (41.4%) | ||||
Newfoundland | 83 (80.6%) | 20 (19.4%) | 66 (67.3%) | 32 (32.7%) | ||||
Nova Scotia | 102 (74.5%) | 35 (25.5%) | 75 (59.5%) | 51 (40.5%) | ||||
Relationship status | * 6.42 | * 0.16 | * 7.22 | * 0.12 | ||||
Single | 96 (78.7%) | 26 (21.3%) | 57 (51.4%) | 54 (48.6%) | ||||
Married | 385 (74.6%) | 131 (25.4%) | 295 (61.1%) | 188 (38.9%) | ||||
Common-law or partnered | 75 (65.8%) | 39 (34.2%) | 60 (58.8%) | 42 (41.2%) | ||||
Separated or divorced | 32 (68.1%) | 15 (31.9%) | 30 (65.2%) | 16 (34.8%) | ||||
Other | 9 (81.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | 8 (88.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | ||||
Number of children | 2.45 | 0.66 | 7.89 | 0.10 | ||||
No child | 188 (72.9%) | 70 (27.1%) | 132 (56.4%) | 102 (43.6%) | ||||
One child | 83 (70.3%) | 35 (29.7%) | 59 (52.7%) | 53 (47.3%) | ||||
Two children | 233 (75.2%) | 77 (24.8%) | 187 (64.7%) | 102 (35.3%) | ||||
Three children | 67 (77.9%) | 19 (22.1%) | 53 (65.4%) | 28 (34.6%) | ||||
Four or more children | 26 (68.4%) | 12 (31.6%) | 19 (54.3%) | 16 (45.7%) | ||||
Ethnicity | 8.77 | * 0.24 | * 8.16 | * 0.31 | ||||
Indigenous | 15 (83.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 13 (76.5%) | 4 (23.5%) | ||||
African descent | 9 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | 1 (20.0%) | ||||
East Asian | 7 (58.3%) | 5 (41.7%) | 4 (33.3%) | 8 (66.7%) | ||||
Latino | 7 (77.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | 7 (77.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | ||||
Middle Eastern | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | ||||
South Asian | 7 (77.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | 4 (50.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | ||||
Caucasian (European descent) | 540 (73.8%) | 192 (26.2%) | 408 (59.9%) | 273 (40.1%) | ||||
Other ethnicities | 9 (56.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 7 (50.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | ||||
Housing status | 0.89 | 0.65 | 4.25 | 0.11 | ||||
Own home | 498 (74.2%) | 173 (25.8%) | 379 (60.6%) | 246 (39.4%) | ||||
Rented accommodation | 80 (70.2%) | 34 (29.8%) | 56 (52.8%) | 50 (47.2%) | ||||
Living with family or a friend | 19 (76.0%) | 6 (24.0%) | 15 (75.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | ||||
School Situated | 0.26 | 0.63 | 1.29 | 0.29 | ||||
Rural setting | 232 (72.7%) | 87 (27.3%) | 183 (62.5%) | 110 (37.5%) | ||||
Urban setting | 365 (74.3%) | 126 (25.7%) | 267 (58.3%) | 191 (41.7%) | ||||
Area of teaching specialization | 12.03 | 0.06 | 4.80 | 0.57 | ||||
English | 89 (65.4%) | 47 (34.6%) | 72 (57.6%) | 53 (42.4%) | ||||
Mathematics | 50 (82.0%) | 11 (18.0%) | 39 (73.6%) | 14 (26.4%) | ||||
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) | 48 (85.7%) | 8 (14.3%) | 30 (58.8%) | 21 (41.2%) | ||||
Arts (History, Geography, Social Studies, etc.) | 52 (72.2%) | 20 (27.8%) | 40 (57.1%) | 30 (42.9%) | ||||
Music | 16 (69.6%) | 7 (30.4%) | 13 (56.5%) | 10 (43.5%) | ||||
Physical Education | 14 (66.7%) | 7 (33.3%) | 11 (57.9%) | 8 (42.1%) | ||||
Other | 328 (74.4%) | 113 (25.6%) | 245 (59.8%) | 165 (40.2%) | ||||
Teach only in your area of specialization | 0.93 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.94 | ||||
No | 336 (72.4%) | 128 (27.6%) | 260 (60.0%) | 173 (40.0%) | ||||
Yes | 261 (75.4%) | 85 (24.6%) | 190 (59.7%) | 128 (40.3%) | ||||
Number of years teaching | 14.40 | 0.002 | 9.21 | 0.03 | ||||
Five years or less | 85 (72.6%) | 32 (27.4%) | 58 (54.2%) | 49 (45.8%) | ||||
Ten years or less but more than five years | 90 (62.1%) | 55 (37.9%) | 70 (51.5%) | 66 (48.5%) | ||||
20 years or less but more than 10 years | 231 (75.2%) | 76 (24.8%) | 176 (61.3%) | 111 (38.7%) | ||||
More than 20 years | 191 (79.3%) | 50 (20.7%) | 146 (66.1%) | 75 (33.9%) | ||||
Average classes size | 1.95 | 0.38 | 4.67 | 0.10 | ||||
20 or less | 125 (74.4%) | 43 (25.6%) | 99 (63.9%) | 56 (36.1%) | ||||
21–27 | 319 (75.2%) | 105 (24.8%) | 221 (56.2%) | 172 (43.8%) | ||||
28 or more | 153 (70.2%) | 65 (29.8%) | 130 (64.0%) | 73 (36.0%) | ||||
School institution (type) | 1.72 | 0.40 | 3.79 | 0.15 | ||||
Catholic school | 118 (77.6%) | 34 (22.4%) | 74 (54.0%) | 63 (46.0%) | ||||
Public school | 468 (72.9%) | 174 (27.1%) | 369 (61.6%) | 230 (38.4%) | ||||
Other | 11 (68.8%) | 5 (31.3%) | 7 (46.7%) | 8 (53.3%) | ||||
Major role | 18.40 | 0.002 | 38.92 | 0.00 | ||||
Elementary school teacher | 257 (71.6%) | 102 (28.4%) | 170 (51.1%) | 163 (48.9%) | ||||
Junior high school teacher | 101 (67.8%) | 48 (32.2%) | 73 (54.5%) | 61 (45.5%) | ||||
Senior high school teacher | 85 (70.8%) | 35 (29.2%) | 71 (64.0%) | 40 (36.0%) | ||||
Support staff | 26 (76.5%) | 8 (23.5%) | 24 (75.0%) | 8 (25.0%) | ||||
Administrator | 57 (81.4%) | 13 (18.6%) | 53 (81.5%) | 12 (18.5%) | ||||
Other | 71 (91.0%) | 7 (9.0%) | 59 (77.6%) | 17 (22.4%) | ||||
Source of stress | 2.14 | 0.71 | 5.84 | 0.21 | ||||
Workload | 336 (74.2%) | 117 (25.8%) | 256 (61.5%) | 160 (38.5%) | ||||
Student behaviour | 129 (76.3%) | 40 (23.7%) | 83 (52.5%) | 75 (47.5%) | ||||
Class size | 31 (72.1%) | 12 (27.9%) | 23 (57.5%) | 17 (42.5%) | ||||
Lack of support from the school administration | 42 (67.7%) | 20 (32.3%) | 35 (60.3%) | 23 (39.7%) | ||||
Other | 42 (71.1%) | 24 (28.9%) | 53 (67.1%) | 26 (32.9%) | ||||
Resilience | 55.86 | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Normal to high resilience | 374 (83.1%) | 76 (16.9%) | ||||||
Low resilience | 176 (58.5%) | 125 (41.5%) | ||||||
Stress | NA | NA | NA | NA | 55.82 | 0.000 | ||
Low to moderate stress | 374 (68.0%) | 176 (32.0%) | ||||||
High stress | 76 (37.8%) | 125 (62.2%) |
B | SE | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% CI for EXP(B) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||
18–25 | 3.621 | 3 | 0.305 | |||||
26–40 | 0.283 | 0.544 | 0.271 | 1 | 0.603 | 1.327 | 0.457 | 3.855 |
41–60 | −0.036 | 0.586 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.951 | 0.965 | 0.306 | 3.043 |
61 and above | −1.350 | 1.197 | 1.273 | 1 | 0.259 | 0.259 | 0.025 | 2.706 |
Major role | ||||||||
Elementary school teacher | 9.749 | 5 | 0.083 | |||||
Junior high school teacher | 0.315 | 0.252 | 1.570 | 1 | 0.210 | 1.371 | 0.837 | 2.244 |
Senior high school teacher | 0.325 | 0.285 | 1.302 | 1 | 0.254 | 1.384 | 0.792 | 2.418 |
Support staff | 0.039 | 0.472 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.933 | 1.040 | 0.412 | 2.625 |
Administrator | −0.124 | 0.368 | 0.113 | 1 | 0.737 | 0.884 | 0.429 | 1.818 |
Other | −1.036 | 0.430 | 5.803 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.355 | 0.153 | 0.824 |
Area of teaching specialization | ||||||||
English | 10.140 | 6 | 0.119 | |||||
Mathematics | −0.850 | 0.427 | 3.967 | 1 | 0.046 | 0.428 | 0.185 | 0.987 |
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) | −1.278 | 0.455 | 7.888 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.279 | 0.114 | 0.680 |
Arts (History, Geography, Social Studies, etc.) | −0.350 | 0.352 | 0.988 | 1 | 0.320 | 0.705 | 0.353 | 1.405 |
Music | −0.109 | 0.521 | 0.044 | 1 | 0.834 | 0.897 | 0.323 | 2.491 |
Physical education | −0.132 | 0.569 | 0.054 | 1 | 0.816 | 0.876 | 0.287 | 2.672 |
Other | −0.303 | 0.244 | 1.547 | 1 | 0.214 | 0.738 | 0.458 | 1.191 |
Number of years teaching | ||||||||
5 years or less | 3.049 | 3 | 0.384 | |||||
10 years or less but more than 5 years | 0.406 | 0.327 | 1.547 | 1 | 0.214 | 1.501 | 0.791 | 2.849 |
20 years or less but more than 10 years | −0.009 | 0.327 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.979 | 0.991 | 0.522 | 1.882 |
More than 20 years | 0.028 | 0.390 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.942 | 1.029 | 0.479 | 2.209 |
Resilience | ||||||||
Low resilience | 1.130 | 0.180 | 39.361 | 1 | 0.000 | 3.097 | 2.175 | 4.408 |
Constant | −1.398 | 0.532 | 6.890 | 1 | 0.009 | 0.247 |
B | S.E | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% CI for EXP(B) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||
18–25 | 4.467 | 3 | 0.215 | |||||
26–40 | 1.917 | 0.916 | 4.375 | 1 | 0.036 | 6.798 | 1.128 | 40.967 |
41–60 | 1.480 | 0.783 | 3.569 | 1 | 0.059 | 4.391 | 0.946 | 20.378 |
61 and above | 1.339 | 0.762 | 3.084 | 1 | 0.079 | 3.815 | 0.856 | 16.999 |
Number of children | ||||||||
No child | 3.581 | 4 | 0.466 | |||||
One child | −0.339 | 0.414 | 0.669 | 1 | 0.414 | 0.713 | 0.316 | 1.605 |
Two children | −0.071 | 0.434 | 0.026 | 1 | 0.871 | 0.932 | 0.398 | 2.181 |
Three children | −0.474 | 0.401 | 1.395 | 1 | 0.238 | 0.623 | 0.284 | 1.367 |
Four or more children | −0.364 | 0.456 | 0.639 | 1 | 0.424 | 0.695 | 0.284 | 1.697 |
Major role | ||||||||
Elementary school teacher | 20.954 | 5 | 0.001 | |||||
Junior high school teacher | 0.833 | 0.311 | 7.194 | 1 | 0.007 | 2.301 | 1.252 | 4.231 |
Senior high school teacher | 0.753 | 0.345 | 4.750 | 1 | 0.029 | 2.123 | 1.079 | 4.179 |
Support staff | 0.412 | 0.358 | 1.326 | 1 | 0.249 | 1.510 | 0.749 | 3.047 |
Administrator | −0.005 | 0.519 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.992 | 0.995 | 0.360 | 2.752 |
Other | −0.419 | 0.439 | 0.912 | 1 | 0.340 | 0.657 | 0.278 | 1.555 |
Average class size | ||||||||
20 or less | 2.861 | 2 | 0.239 | |||||
21–27 | 0.023 | 0.248 | 0.008 | 1 | 0.927 | 1.023 | 0.630 | 1.662 |
28 or more | 0.294 | 0.204 | 2.068 | 1 | 0.150 | 1.342 | 0.899 | 2.003 |
Number of years teaching | ||||||||
5 years or less | 0.139 | 3 | 0.987 | |||||
10 years or less but more than 5 years | 0.005 | 0.351 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.988 | 1.005 | 0.505 | 2.002 |
20 years or less but more than 10 years | 0.088 | 0.302 | 0.084 | 1 | 0.772 | 1.092 | 0.603 | 1.974 |
More than 20 years | 0.005 | 0.220 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.980 | 1.005 | 0.653 | 1.547 |
Stress | ||||||||
High stress | 1.142 | 0.180 | 40.338 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.319 | 0.225 | 0.454 |
Constant | −1.370 | 0.896 | 2.342 | 1 | 0.126 | 0.254 |
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Agyapong, B.; Dias, R.d.L.; Wei, Y.; Agyapong, V.I.O. Prevalence and Correlates of High Stress and Low Resilience among Teachers in Three Canadian Provinces. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154339
Agyapong B, Dias RdL, Wei Y, Agyapong VIO. Prevalence and Correlates of High Stress and Low Resilience among Teachers in Three Canadian Provinces. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(15):4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154339
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgyapong, Belinda, Raquel da Luz Dias, Yifeng Wei, and Vincent Israel Opoku Agyapong. 2024. "Prevalence and Correlates of High Stress and Low Resilience among Teachers in Three Canadian Provinces" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154339