Effect of Kinematic Chain Exercise Protocol on Throwing Performance and Shoulder Muscle Strength among University Shot Put Athletes—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.3. Participants
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Outcome Measures
2.5.1. Baseline Characteristics
BMI Measurement
Assessment of Muscle Strength Using a Dynamometer
2.6. Intervention
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
- Throwing Distance
- Shoulder Muscle Strength: Flexion (FLX) and External Rotation (ER)
- Extension (EXT) and Internal Rotation (IR)
- Correlation between Height, BMI, and Throwing Distance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conventional Training Protocol | Kinematic Chain Exercise Protocol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks | Phase | Description | Phase | Description |
Weeks 1–2: | Foundation phase: Focus on building a solid foundation of strength and movement patterns. Strength Training: | Increase intensity by lifting weights. Aim for 3–4 sets of 4–8 reps. Focus on exercises like squats, lunges, Romanian deadlifts, bench presses, and pull-ups. Power Development: Include more advanced power exercises such as barbell cleans, snatch variations, and plyometric exercises like depth jumps and explosive pushups. Shot Put Technique: Continue practicing shot put technique drills. | Foundation phase: Focus on building a solid foundation of strength and movement patterns. | Squat Variations: Perform barbell squats, goblet squats, and Bulgarian split squats to strengthen the lower body. Aim for 3–4 sets of 4–8 reps. Medicine Ball Throws: Include exercises like overhead medicine ball slams, rotational throws, and chest passes to develop power and explosive strength. Core Stability: Incorporate exercises like planks, side planks, and Russian twists to develop core stability and rotational strength. |
Weeks 3–4: | Strength and power focus: Continue to build strength while increasing power output. Strength Training: | Maintain strength gains by continuing with heavy compound exercises. Aim for 3–4 sets of 6–10 reps. Power Development: Emphasize explosive movements such as power cleans, snatches, and jump squats. Shot Put Technique: Allocate more time for technical skill work. Practice shot put throws with lighter implements to refine release technique and improve speed of movement. | Strength and power focus: Continue to build strength while increasing power output. | Deadlift Variations: Include exercises like conventional deadlifts, trap bar deadlifts, and Romanian deadlifts to strengthen the posterior chain. Aim for 3–4 sets of 6–10 reps. Kettlebell Swings: Perform kettlebell swings to develop explosive hip power. Plyometric Exercises: Incorporate box jumps, depth jumps, and bounding to improve power output. |
Weeks 5–6: | Power and explosiveness: Shift the focus towards explosive power and increased speed. Strength Maintenance: | Maintain strength gains by reducing volume but maintaining intensity. Aim for 2–3 sets of 8–12 reps. Power Maintenance: Continue with explosive exercises, but reduce volume. Technique: Focus on fine-tuning technique, performing shot put throws with competition weight implements. Incorporate competition-specific scenarios and mental preparation. | Dynamic movements and stability | Lunge Variations: Include walking, reverse, and lateral lunges to improve lower body strength and stability. Aim for 3–4 sets of 8–12 reps. Medicine Ball Rotational Throws: Perform exercises like rotational shot put throws with a medicine ball to enhance power and rotational strength. Single-Leg Balance Exercises: Incorporate single-leg deadlifts, single-leg squats, and pistol squats to improve stability and balance. |
Weeks 7–8: | Peaking phase: Taper the training to optimize performance for competitions. | Throughout the entire 8-week protocol, it is important to prioritize proper warmups, cooldowns, and recovery strategies such as stretching, foam rolling, and adequate rest. | Integration and peaking phase. Cleans and Snatches: | Include barbell cleans and snatches to develop explosive power and coordination throughout the kinematic chain. Aim for 3–4 sets of 8–12 reps. Overhead Press Variations: Perform exercises like overhead barbell presses, dumbbell presses, and push presses to strengthen the upper body. Shot Put-Specific Drills: Allocate more time for practicing shot put throws with competition weight implements. Focus on technique, coordination, and timing. |
Gender | Group | Counts | % of Total | Cumulative % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Control Group | 25 | 31.3 % | 31.3 % |
Experimental Group | 25 | 31.3 % | 62.5 % | |
Female | Control Group | 15 | 18.8 % | 81.3 % |
Experimental Group | 15 | 18.8 % | 100.0 % | |
Preferred Throwing Style | Group | Counts | % of Total | Cumulative % |
Gliding Style | Control Group | 20 | 25.0 % | 25.0 % |
Experimental Group | 19 | 23.8 % | 48.8 % | |
Rotational Style | Control Group | 20 | 25.0 % | 73.8 % |
Experimental Group | 21 | 26.3 % | 100.0 % |
Group | N | Mean | SD | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Control Group | 40 | 20.74 | 1.408 | 0.008 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 19.84 | 1.536 | ||
Height (Cms) | Control Group | 40 | 166.06 | 4.137 | 0.979 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 166.03 | 4.411 | ||
Weight (Kg) | Control Group | 40 | 68.4 | 9.997 | 0.649 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 69.41 | 9.766 | ||
BMI (Kg/m2) | Control Group | 40 | 24.65 | 2.71 | 0.538 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 25.02 | 2.545 | ||
Pre-Throwing Distance | Control Group | 40 | 8.38 | 1.159 | 0.69 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 8.28 | 1.128 | ||
Pre-Flexor Muscle Strength | Control Group | 40 | 23.15 | 5.618 | 0.135 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 25.2 | 6.485 | ||
Pre-Extensor Muscle Strength | Control Group | 40 | 15.43 | 3.125 | 0.088 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 14.4 | 2.07 | ||
Pre-Internal Rotator Muscle Strength | Control Group | 40 | 11.36 | 1.984 | 0.557 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 11.11 | 1.799 | ||
Pre-External Rotator Muscle Strength | Control Group | 40 | 10.74 | 2.367 | 0.187 |
Experimental Group | 40 | 11.39 | 1.989 |
Parameters | Control Group (n = 40) | Experimental Group (n = 40) | Group X Time # | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre- | 8th Week | 10th Week | Pre- | 8th Week | 10th Week | p | |
Throwing Distance (mts) | 8.38 ± 1.16 | 9.26 ± 1.13 + | 9.43 ± 4.21 + | 8.28 ± 1.13 | 10.4 ± 1.46 + | 10.19 ± 1.58 +* | 0.053 |
Shoulder Muscle Strength (kg) | |||||||
Flexor Muscle Strength | 23.15 ± 5.62 | 22.27 ± 4.59 | 25.82 ± 4.59 + | 25.2 ± 6.49 | 31.05 ± 5.33 +* | 25.32 ± 0.4.52 | < 0.001 |
Extensor Muscle Strength | 15.43 ± 3.12 | 18.41 ± 3.31 + | 17.5 ± 3.36 + | 14.4 ± 2.07 | 19.36 ± 2.06 + | 18.18 ± 2.46 +* | 0.73 |
Internal Rotator Muscle Strength | 11.36 ± 1.98 | 15.94 ± 2.12 + | 13.38 ± 1.97 + | 11.11 ± 1.8 | 17.01 ± 1.93 +* | 13.88 ± 1.85 + | 0.302 |
External Rotator Muscle Strength | 10.74 ± 2.37 | 15 ± 2.35 + | 13 ± 2.35 + | 11.39 ± 1.99 | 17.4 ± 1.96 +* | 15.4 ± 1.96 +* | < 0.001 |
Correlations between Height and Throwing Distance: | |||
Sample size | Height (mts) Means and SD | Throwing Distance (mts) Means and SD | Pearson correlation coefficient (r) |
n = 80 | 1.6705 ± 0.042 | 8.55 ± 1.14 | 0.8055 |
Correlations between BMI and Throwing Distance: | |||
BMI (kg/mts2) | Throwing Distance (mts) Means and SD | Pearson correlation coefficient (r) | |
n = 80 | 26.09 ± 2.39 | 8.55 ± 1.14 | 0.7598 |
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Kanakapura Chananke Gowda, V.K.; Subramanian, S.S.; Mustafa Gaowgzeh, R.A.; Ahmed Alsenany, S.; Abdelaliem, S.M.F.; Saeed Alabdullah, A.A.; Afnan, A.M. Effect of Kinematic Chain Exercise Protocol on Throwing Performance and Shoulder Muscle Strength among University Shot Put Athletes—A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13174993
Kanakapura Chananke Gowda VK, Subramanian SS, Mustafa Gaowgzeh RA, Ahmed Alsenany S, Abdelaliem SMF, Saeed Alabdullah AA, Afnan AM. Effect of Kinematic Chain Exercise Protocol on Throwing Performance and Shoulder Muscle Strength among University Shot Put Athletes—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13174993
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanakapura Chananke Gowda, Vinod Kumar, Shenbaga Sundaram Subramanian, Riziq Allah Mustafa Gaowgzeh, Samira Ahmed Alsenany, Sally Mohammed Farghaly Abdelaliem, Amany Anwar Saeed Alabdullah, and Alkhateeb M. Afnan. 2024. "Effect of Kinematic Chain Exercise Protocol on Throwing Performance and Shoulder Muscle Strength among University Shot Put Athletes—A Randomized Controlled Trial" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13174993