Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neurocognitive Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
3.1. Genetics
3.2. Age
3.3. Sex
3.4. Alcohol
3.5. Smoking
3.6. Diabetes and Obesity
4. Pathophysiology
4.1. Role of Hypoxia and Endothelial Dysfunction
4.2. Role of Pulse Wave Velocity and Cerebral Pulsatility
4.3. Role of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors | Year | Number of Studies | MCI/Dementia |
---|---|---|---|
Bubu [23] | 2017 | 27 | RR 1.68 (1.51–1.87) |
Leng [37] | 2017 | 14 | RR 1.35 (1.11–1.65) |
Shi [46] | 2018 | 18 | RR 1.19 (1.11–1.29) |
Tian [70] | 2023 | 15 | HR 1.52 (1.32–1.74) |
Guay-Gagnon [146] | 2022 | 11 | HR 1.43 (1.26–1.62) |
4.4. Role of Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics
4.5. Role of Cerebral Amyloid Microangiopathy
5. Imaging Marker of Early Cardiocerebrovascular Disease
6. Treatment
7. Future Directions
8. Conclusions
- OSA is an independent risk factor for neurocognitive abnormalities.
- OSA, hypertension, and arterial stiffness can create a triple-hit effect that contributes to the development of neurocognitive abnormalities.
- A heart-brain imaging protocol could identify markers of early signs of pathology in both organ systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diabetes | Inflammation | Obesity | Genetics | Age | Gender | Smoking & Alcohol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | T2D in OSA 1.5 (1.2–2.0) [57] | CRP in OSA 0.58 (0.42–0.73) [61] | 10% Weight gain 6.0 (2.2–17) [63] | TNF-α in OSA 1.82 (1.26–2.61) [66] | Age < 60: 35.0 (33.3–36.8) | NDD in women with AHI ≥ 15 3.4 (1.4–8.1) [71] | Alcohol in OSA 1.33 (1.10–1.62) [78] |
B | OSA in T2D 1.48 (1.42–1.55) [58] | CRP in OSA 1.77 (1.28–2.26) [55] | BMI > 30 in OSA Male: 18 (14–23) | APOE variant in OSA 1.41 (1.06–1.87) [67] | Age > 60: 67.6 (65.2–70.0) | NDD in Women with APOE: 4.6 (1.0–20.7) [71] | Alcohol in OSA 2.03 (1.30–3.17) [73] |
C | T2D + APOE 1.48 (1.36–1.60) [59] | TNF-α in NDD 2.4(0.3–4.5) [62] | BMI > 30 in OSA Female: 5.6(3.4–9.2) [64] | APOE in NDD [68] EA: 4.54 (3.99–5.17) | 10-yr age increase, AHI ≥ 15 [69] Male: 1.94 (1.66–2.27) | Early menopause: 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | Smoking in OSA 2.5 (1.3–4.7) [74] |
D | T2D onset in NDD 2.12 (1.50–3.0) [60] | IM + MetS in NDD 1.66 (1.19–2.32) [50] | PAF in NDD Obesity: 20.9 (13–28.8) [65] | White: 3.46 (3.27–3.65) | 10-yr age increase, AHI ≥ 15 [69] Female: 3.20 (2.42–4.25) | Suppressed Androgen: 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | Alcohol in NDD, >14 drinks D.17.0 (4.0–32.0) [75] |
E | NDD in Obesity w/o MetS before age 60 1.69 (1.16–2.45) [53] | Black: 2.18 (1.90–2.49) | NDD in Age + OSA [70] Age < 60: 3.30 (1.68–6.48) | Gender in NDD incidence [72] Female: 16.4 (15.2–17.6) | Alcohol in NDD, >14 drinks 1.72 (0.87–3.40) [76] | ||
F | Hispanic: 1.90 (1.65–2.18) | Age > 60: 2.40 (1.65–3.48) | Gender in NDD incidence [72] Male: 12.3 (11.1–13.5) | Smoking in NDD 2.14 (1.65–2.78) [77] |
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Ogbu, I.; Menon, T.; Chahil, V.; Kahlon, A.; Devanand, D.; Kalra, D.K. Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neurocognitive Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175001
Ogbu I, Menon T, Chahil V, Kahlon A, Devanand D, Kalra DK. Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neurocognitive Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175001
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgbu, Ikechukwu, Tushar Menon, Vipanpreet Chahil, Amrit Kahlon, Dakshinkumaar Devanand, and Dinesh K. Kalra. 2024. "Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neurocognitive Disorders" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175001