Symptoms, Course, and Factors Related to Long-Term Morbidity, Including Differences between Infection Strains, in Patients with Long COVID in a Primary Care Clinic in Japan: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Clinical Parameters
2.4. Symptoms
2.5. Assessment of Patients Who Achieved Remission of Symptoms
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Patients
3.2. Long COVID Symptom Distribution
3.3. Outcomes in the Long COVID Patients Who Visited Our Clinic
3.4. Analysis of Patients Who Achieved Remission of Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Delta and Before (n = 498) | Omicron (n = 555) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Male/Female (%) | 47.4/53.6 | 47.3/53.7 | N.S. * |
Age (years) | 41.9 (15–87) | 41.0 (15–89) | N.S. * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 (14.9–54.4) | 21.9 (14.1–45.8) | N.S. * |
Period (days) until visiting long COVID outpatient clinic after onset of COVID-19 ** | 101 (28–777) | 95 (28–448) | N.S. * |
Severity of COVID-19: mild/moderate I/moderate II/severe (%) | 82.2/6.6/8.3/2.9 (n = 484) | 97.6/0.7/1.3/0.4 (n = 536) | p < 0.001 ** |
Vaccination Y/N (%) | 37.1/67.9 (n = 467) | 73.1/26.9 (n = 554) | p < 0.001 ** |
Performance status: 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 (%) | 38.1/30.5/5.8/4.7/1.6/ 2.7/12.8/3.5/0.4 (n = 485) | 16.9/34.1/5.2/4.5/6.2/ 3.0/22.7/6.4/1.1 (n = 534) | p < 0.001 ** |
Covariate | Level | Hazard Ratio (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Infectious strain | Omicron/Delta and before | 0.875 (0.623–1.228) | N.S. |
Sex | F/M | 0.728 (0.542–0.977) | p = 0.0341 |
Age | Years | 0.998 (0.989–1.008) | N.S. |
Vaccination | Y/N | 1.095 (0.815–1.471) | N.S. |
BMI | 0.959 (0.929–0.989) | p = 0.0072 | |
Performance status | 1.037 (0.978–1.099) | N.S. | |
Fatigue | Y/N | 0.951 (0.716–1.262) | N.S. |
Fever | Y/N | 0.867 (0.570–1.318) | N.S. |
Insomnia | Y/N | 1.557 (1.048–2.313) | p = 0.0284 |
Dyspnea | Y/N | 0.741 (0.552–0.996) | p = 0.0468 |
Cough | Y/N | 2.295 (1.682–3.132) | p < 0.001 |
Brain fog | Y/N | 0.780 (0.542–1.123) | N.S. |
Depression/anxiety | Y/N | 0.962 (0.615–1.506) | N.S. |
Headache | Y/N | 0.814 (0.576–1.150) | N.S. |
Chest pain/discomfort | Y/N | 0.861 (0.578–1.284) | N.S. |
Throat pain/discomfort | Y/N | 1.209 (0.797–1.833) | N.S. |
Anosmia | Y/N | 1.184 (0.772–1.817) | N.S. |
Ageusia | Y/N | 0.826 (0.613–1.327) | N.S. |
Dizziness/auditory disorder | Y/N | 1.099 (0.698–1.729) | N.S. |
Loss of hair | Y/N | 1.103 (0.674–1.804) | N.S. |
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Baba, K.; Kawai, S.; Iwase, S.; Ushida, T.; Tamura, Y.; Arimoto, M.; Nojiri, M.; Watanabe, D.; Ban, N. Symptoms, Course, and Factors Related to Long-Term Morbidity, Including Differences between Infection Strains, in Patients with Long COVID in a Primary Care Clinic in Japan: An Observational Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5019. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175019
Baba K, Kawai S, Iwase S, Ushida T, Tamura Y, Arimoto M, Nojiri M, Watanabe D, Ban N. Symptoms, Course, and Factors Related to Long-Term Morbidity, Including Differences between Infection Strains, in Patients with Long COVID in a Primary Care Clinic in Japan: An Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5019. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175019
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaba, Kenji, Seiko Kawai, Satoshi Iwase, Takahiro Ushida, Yasuhiro Tamura, Mariko Arimoto, Makiko Nojiri, Daisuke Watanabe, and Nobutaro Ban. 2024. "Symptoms, Course, and Factors Related to Long-Term Morbidity, Including Differences between Infection Strains, in Patients with Long COVID in a Primary Care Clinic in Japan: An Observational Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5019. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175019