Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Participants
2.2. Materials and Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ising Network
2.5. Directed Acyclic Graphs
3. Results
3.1. Mixed ANOVA
3.2. Network Analysis
3.2.1. Ising
3.2.2. DAGs
4. Discussion
4.1. Sleep Habits after the Pandemic
4.2. Influence of Chronotype
4.3. Network Analysis
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
4.5. Implications and Suggestions for Further Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics and Chronotypes | 14–15 y (n, %) | 16–17 y (n, %) | 18–20 y (n, %) | 21–24 y (n, %) | Total (N, %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-type | 49 (25.0) | 29 (23.4) | 14 (18.2) | 16 (16.2) | 108 (21.8) |
N-type | 15 (7.7) | 14 (11.3) | 12 (15.6) | 24 (27.3) | 65 (13.1) |
A-type | 55 (28.1) | 28 (22.6) | 14 (18.2) | 18 (18.2) | 115 (23.2) |
V-type | 34 (17.3) | 11 (8.9) | 11 (14.3) | 7 (7.1) | 63 (12.7) |
L-type | 21 (10.7) | 19 (15.3) | 10 (13.0) | 7 (7.1) | 57 (11.5) |
M-type | 8 (4.1) | 10 (8.1) | 8 (10.4) | 17 (17.2) | 43 (8.7) |
Other | 14 (7.1) | 13 (10.5 | 8 (10.4) | 10 (10.1) | 45 (9.1) |
Total | 196 | 124 | 77 | 99 | 496 |
Lockdown | Chronotypes | Interaction | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(df) | p | η2p | F(df) | p | η2p | F(df) | p | η2p | |
BT | 74.87 (1, 485) | <0.001 | 0.13 | 3.91 (6, 485) | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.58 (6, 485) | 0.75 | 0.01 |
SOL | 0.19 (1, 476) | 0.67 | < 0.001 | 3.08 (6, 476) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.60 (6, 476) | 0.73 | 0.01 |
WT | 271.04 (1, 491) | <0.001 | 0.36 | 4.03 (6, 491) | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.50 (6, 491) | 0.81 | 0.01 |
TST | 123.38 (1, 491) | <0.001 | 0.20 | 5.01 (6, 491) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 1.19 (6, 491) | 0.31 | 0.01 |
TIB | 64.16 (1, 485) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.93 (6, 485) | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.82 (6, 485) | 0.56 | 0.01 |
ISI | 0.81 (1, 491) | 0.37 | 0.002 | 10.64 (6, 491) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 1.14 (6, 491) | 0.34 | 0.01 |
Depressive feelings | 17.83 (1, 490) | <0.001 | 0.04 | 15.49 (6, 490) | <0.001 | 0.16 | 1.48 (6, 490) | 0.18 | 0.02 |
Agitation | 10.02 (1, 490) | 0.002 | 0.02 | 13.29 (6, 490) | <0.001 | 0.14 | 3.44 (6, 490) | 0.002 | 0.04 |
Item | Label | Probability |
---|---|---|
1. During the lockdown, I got up later than usual. | WT | 0.87 |
2. During the lockdown, I went to bed later than usual. | BT | 0.85 |
3. During the lockdown, I slept longer than usual. | Sleep quantity | 0.78 |
4. During the lockdown, I was more mentally tired than usual. | Mental fatigue | 0.57 |
5. During the lockdown, I was more irritable than usual. | Irritability | 0.53 |
6. During the lockdown, it took me longer to fall asleep than usual. | SOL | 0.50 |
7. During the lockdown, I was sleepier than usual. | Sleepiness | 0.50 |
8. During the lockdown, I was more physically tired than usual. | Physical fatigue | 0.44 |
9. During the lockdown, I slept better than usual. | Sleep quality | 0.43 |
10. During the lockdown, I was more satisfied with my sleep than usual. | Satisfaction | 0.38 |
11. During the lockdown, I woke up more often at night than usual. | WASO | 0.23 |
12. During the lockdown, I was more attentive than usual. | Attention | 0.18 |
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Windal, M.; Roland, A.; Laeremans, M.; Briganti, G.; Kornreich, C.; Mairesse, O. Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175020
Windal M, Roland A, Laeremans M, Briganti G, Kornreich C, Mairesse O. Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175020
Chicago/Turabian StyleWindal, Maxime, Aurore Roland, Marise Laeremans, Giovanni Briganti, Charles Kornreich, and Olivier Mairesse. 2024. "Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175020