Exploring the Relationship between Acute Coronary Syndrome, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, and Atmospheric Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Air Pollution Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. General Population
3.2. Coronary Artery Thrombosis
3.3. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs)
4. Discussion
4.1. Air Pollution and Infections
4.2. Infection and Hypercoagulability
4.3. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases
4.4. Atmospheric Pressure and Cardiovascular Diseases
4.5. The Influence of Malnutrition and Age on Infections
5. Study Limitations
5.1. Study Design
5.2. Data Collection
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Population n = 876 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 68.00 ± 12.64 years | COPD | 4.68% (41) |
Male | 63.24% (554) | Diabetes mellitus | 24.20% (212) |
Smoking | 21.46% (188) | Atrial fibrillation | 15.64% (137) |
Hypertension | 59.82% (524) | Hyperlipidemia | 55.14% (483) |
NO2 [µg/m3] | 12.32 ± 5.45 | PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 13.88 ± 11.74 |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 3.17 ± 2.25 | PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 21.50 ± 13.47 |
CO [mg/m3] | 0.33 ± 0.13 | Temperature [°C] | 7.9 ± 8.05 |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 12.31 ± 13.60 | Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 997.6 ± 8.18 |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 20.19 ± 16.59 |
n = 876 | With Coronary Thrombosis (114) | Without Coronary Thrombosis (762) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 68.00 ± 13.32 | 68.00 ± 12.52 | 0.2312 |
Male | 64.91% (74) | 62.99% (480) | 0.6917 |
Smoking | 35.56% (32) | 26.04% (156) | 0.0604 |
COPD | 4.40% (4) | 5.97% (37) | 0.5496 |
BMI | 28.36 ± 5.67 | 28.76 ± 4.89 | 0.7139 |
LRTI | 17.58% (16) | 7.89% (49) | 0.0036 |
WBC [1000/μL] | 10.22 ± 4.62 | 8.43 ± 6.18 | <0.0001 |
CRP [mg/L] | 11.05 ± 69.77 | 6.30 ± 48.28 | 0.1373 |
Fibrinogen [mg/dL] | 371.00 ± 122.35 | 373.00 ± 105.67 | 0.9124 |
Diabetes mellitus | 17.58% (16) | 31.61% (196) | 0.0074 |
Hypertension | 53.85% (49) | 76.61% (475) | <0.0001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 18.68% (17) | 19.32% (120) | 0.8846 |
Hyperlipidemia | 68.13% (62) | 68.01% (421) | 0.9819 |
n = 876 | With Coronary Thrombosis (114) | Without Coronary Thrombosis (762) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
NO2 [µg/m3] | 11.97 ± 5.48 | 12.48 ± 5.61 | 0.2637 |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 3.25 ± 1.49 | 3.13 ± 2.41 | 0.6699 |
CO [mg/m3] | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.33 ± 0.12 | 0.5903 |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 13.35 ± 11.66 | 12.69 ± 13.29 | 0.8600 |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 19.62 ± 14.39 | 20.80 ± 16.36 | 0.5867 |
PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 14.46 ± 9.31 | 13.90 ± 11.68 | 0.7804 |
PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 21.55 ± 10.95 | 21.41 ± 13.49 | 0.7817 |
Temperature [°C] | 5.80 ± 7.67 | 8.05 ± 8.08 | 0.5497 |
Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 996.4 ± 9.27 | 998.0 ± 8.03 | 0.0641 |
General Population Coronary Thrombosis | Odds Ratio | SE | p Value | [95% Conf. Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 [µg/m3] | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.852 | [0.86–1.13] |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.407 | [0.56–1.26] |
CO [mg/m3] | 1.01 | 0.02 | 0.743 | [0.96–1.05] |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 1.02 | 0.08 | 0.811 | [0.87–1.20] |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 1.04 | 0.09 | 0.635 | [0.88–1.24] |
PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 1.01 | 0.11 | 0.892 | [0.82–1.26] |
PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 0.93 | 0.11 | 0.560 | [0.73–1.18] |
Temperature [°C] | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.955 | [0.92–1.10] |
Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.264 | [0.87–1.04] |
STEMI Coronary Thrombosis | Odds Ratio | SE | p Value | [95% Conf. Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 [µg/m3] | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.221 | [0.71–1.08] |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 0.68 | 0.22 | 0.238 | [0.35–1.29] |
CO [mg/m3] | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.989 | [0.94–1.07] |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 0.97 | 0.16 | 0.851 | [0.71–1.33] |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 1.17 | 0.21 | 0.373 | [0.83–1.66] |
PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.992 | [0.67–1.49] |
PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 0.97 | 0.218 | 0.880 | [0.63–1.48] |
Temperature [°C] | 0.89 | 0.07 | 0.121 | [0.76–1.03] |
Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 0.88 | 0.05 | 0.037 | [0.77–0.99] |
n = 712 | With LRTI (65) | Without LRTI (647) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 80.00 ± 14.00 | 67.00 ± 12.26 | <0.0001 |
Male | 58.46% (38) | 64.30% (416) | 0.3518 |
Smoking | 28.33% (17) | 27.19% (171) | 0.8488 |
COPD | 9.52% (6) | 5.26% (34) | 0.1673 |
BMI | 25.60 ± 4.65 | 28.99 ± 4.97 | 0.0102 |
Coronary thrombosis | 24.62% (16) | 11.59% (75) | 0.0036 |
WBC [1000/μL] | 12.04 ± 5.95 | 8.42 ± 5.93 | <0.0001 |
CRP [mg/L] | 43.40 ± 66.97 | 5.10 ± 43.60 | <0.0001 |
Fibrinogen [mg/dL] | 410.00 ± 116.85 | 372.00 ± 105.26 | 0.0173 |
Diabetes mellitus | 39.68% (25) | 28.75% (186) | 0.0720 |
Hypertension | 65.08% (41) | 74.50% (482) | 0.1075 |
Atrial fibrillation | 39.68% (25) | 17.00% (110) | <0.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 58.73% (37) | 68.93% (446) | 0.0995 |
n = 712 | With LRTI (65) | Without LRTI (647) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
NO2 [µg/m3] | 13.72 ± 6.11 | 12.08 ± 5.60 | 0.0967 |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 3.19 ± 1.69 | 3.16 ± 2.34 | 0.7695 |
CO [mg/m3] | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.1396 |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 13.52 ± 15.28 | 12.58 ± 13.26 | 0.3378 |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 23.74 ± 17.30 | 20.63 ± 16.44 | 0.2536 |
PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 16.35 ± 12.05 | 13.15 ± 11.68 | 0.0402 |
PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 24.63 ± 14.03 | 21.48 ± 13.67 | 0.1508 |
Temperature [°C] | 10.2 ± 7.80 | 7.5 ± 8.08 | 0.6283 |
Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 999.3 ± 6.83 | 997.6 ± 8.03 | 0.1210 |
General Population LRTI | Odds Ratio | SE | p Value | [95% Conf. Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 [µg/m3] | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.354 | [0.88–1.05] |
SO2 [µg/m3] | 0.85 | 0.13 | 0.309 | [0.62–1.16] |
CO [mg/m3] | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.403 | [0.79–1.10] |
PM2.5 [µg/m3] | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.355 | [0.81–1.08] |
PM10 [µg/m3] | 1.04 | 0.07 | 0.586 | [0.91–1.19] |
PM2.5/3 days [µg/m3] | 1.04 | 0.019 | 0.035 | [1.00–1.08] |
PM10/3 days [µg/m3] | 1.10 | 0.09 | 0.264 | [0.93–1.29] |
Temperature [°C] | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.328 | [0.91–1.03] |
Atmospheric pressure [hPa] | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.446 | [0.96–1.09] |
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Muszyński, P.; Pawluczuk, E.; Januszko, T.; Kruszyńska, J.; Duzinkiewicz, M.; Kurasz, A.; Bonda, T.A.; Tomaszuk-Kazberuk, A.; Dobrzycki, S.; Kożuch, M. Exploring the Relationship between Acute Coronary Syndrome, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, and Atmospheric Pollution. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5037. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175037
Muszyński P, Pawluczuk E, Januszko T, Kruszyńska J, Duzinkiewicz M, Kurasz A, Bonda TA, Tomaszuk-Kazberuk A, Dobrzycki S, Kożuch M. Exploring the Relationship between Acute Coronary Syndrome, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, and Atmospheric Pollution. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5037. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175037
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuszyński, Paweł, Elżbieta Pawluczuk, Tomasz Januszko, Joanna Kruszyńska, Małgorzata Duzinkiewicz, Anna Kurasz, Tomasz A. Bonda, Anna Tomaszuk-Kazberuk, Sławomir Dobrzycki, and Marcin Kożuch. 2024. "Exploring the Relationship between Acute Coronary Syndrome, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, and Atmospheric Pollution" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5037. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175037