Effects of Melatonin on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Adults with Obesity Undergoing a Multidisciplinary Body Weight Reduction Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects and Protocol
2.3. Body Weight Reduction Program (BWRP)
2.4. Resting Energy Expenditure
2.5. Anthropometric Measurements
2.6. Biological Sample Collection
2.7. Metabolic, Biochemical and Hormonal Evaluation
2.8. Measurement of Blood Pressure
2.9. Analytical Methods for d-ROMs and BAP
2.10. Measurement of HbSSG by MALDI
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
- (1)
- Two weeks of BWRP, combined with a placebo (i.e., without any “active” treatment with melatonin), exerted anti-inflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the decreases in plasma IL-6 and blood NLR; the former a pro-inflammatory cytokine [40] and the latter a peripheral biomarker that conjugates two components of the immune system, i.e., the innate immune response, mainly due to neutrophils, and adaptive immunity, supported by lymphocytes [41]. Parallelly, when measuring a surrogate of antioxidant capabilities in the organism [42], a BWRP-induced increase in plasma BAP occurred, an effect that was independent of the treatment with melatonin. Melatonin, independently from BWRP, increased plasma d-ROMs and erythrocytic HbSSG, two peripheral markers of oxidative stress [43], which were generated in each exercise test (at G1 and G15 for T90 and T150);
- (2)
- Melatonin, when acutely administered (i.e., the single dose at G0), reduced plasma levels of IL-6 at G1 (T0), implying a different anti-inflammatory vs. pro-inflammatory effect for single or continuous administration;
- (3)
- Apart from decreases in BMI and WC that were found in both groups, BWRP exerted additional metabolic benefits only in the placebo group (e.g., decreases in plasma glucose and blood HbA1c).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Parameter | Melatonin | Placebo | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G15 | G1 | G15 | |
N. | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Sex (F/M) | 7/2 | 7/2 | 6/3 | 6/3 |
Age (years) | 27.8 ± 5.6 | 27.8 ± 5.6 | 28.8 ± 5.0 | 28.9 ± 5.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 43.0 ± 4.9 | 41.6 ± 4.4 a | 42.8 ± 4.0 | 40.7 ± 4.0 b |
WC (cm) | 110.2 ± 10.0 | 104.6 ± 9.5 a | 119.1 ± 12.1 | 111.3 ± 11.5 b |
SBP (mmHg) | 131.1 ± 7.8 | 122.2 ± 8.3 | 122.9 ± 14.0 | 123.9 ± 10.5 |
DBP (mmHg) | 81.1 ± 6.0 | 77.2 ± 4.4 | 79.4 ± 8.8 | 75.6 ± 7.7 |
HR (bpm) | 92.1 ± 13.3 | 81.3 ± 7.2 a | 83.7 ± 12.6 | 80.3 ± 14.5 |
FFM (kg) | 55.1 ± 7.2 | 54.1 ± 6.7 | 50.0 ± 21.1 | 49.4 ± 21.5 |
FFM (%) | 47.8 ± 4.7 | 48.2 ± 4.6 | 51.4 ± 7.0 | 50.9 ± 9.0 |
FM (kg) | 60.4 ± 8.8 | 58.3 ± 8.4 | 49.9 ± 20.2 | 49.0 ± 20.4 |
FM (%) | 52.2 ± 4.7 | 51.8 ± 4.6 | 48.6 ± 7.0 | 48.6 ± 8.1 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.3 ± 8.8 | 86.4 ± 6.9 | 87.1 ± 6.2 | 82.3 ± 6.1 b |
Insulin (mU/L) | 17.8 ± 6.0 | 19.1 ± 7.4 | 18.3 ± 6.9 | 17.7 ± 5.9 |
HOMA-IR | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.7 | 3.6 ± 1.4 |
T-C (mg/dL) | 148.7 ± 28.3 | 141.9 ± 31.5 | 166.2 ± 33.9 | 160.1 ± 21.2 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.0 ± 10.3 | 45.7 ± 11.3 | 39.7 ± 8.4 | 40.4 ± 9.2 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 85.4 ± 28.6 | 77.7 ± 28.0 | 106.0 ± 30.4 | 99.2 ± 17.5 |
TG (mg/dL) | 102.9 ± 43.7 | 111.9 ± 47.0 | 145.3 ± 77.3 | 123.6 ± 43.3 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 b |
hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.56 ± 0.4 | 0.69 ± 0.9 | 0.50 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.3 |
NLR | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 b |
Comparison | Diff. of Means | t | p |
---|---|---|---|
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 70.306 | 2.054 | 0.044 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE | |||
T0 vs. T30 | 7.083 | 0.207 | 0.837 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP | |||
G1 vs. G15 | 0.361 | 0.0105 | 0.992 |
Comparison | Diff. of Means | t | p |
---|---|---|---|
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 27.462 | 1.124 | 0.265 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE | |||
T30 vs. T0 | 42.664 | 1.746 | 0.086 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP | |||
G15 vs. G1 | 76.828 | 3.144 | 0.003 |
Comparison | Diff. of Means | t | p |
---|---|---|---|
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT | |||
PLACEBO vs. MELATONIN | 0.117 | 0.204 | 0.839 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE | |||
T30 vs. T0 | 0.739 | 1.295 | 0.200 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP | |||
G1 vs. G15 | 0.689 | 1.207 | 0.232 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP within PLACEBO | |||
G1 vs. G15 | 2.772 | 3.435 | 0.001 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP within MELATONIN | |||
G15 vs. G1 | 1.394 | 1.728 | 0.089 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within G1 | |||
PLACEBO vs. MELATONIN | 2.200 | 2.726 | 0.008 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within G15 | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 1.967 | 2.437 | 0.018 |
Comparison | Diff. of Means | t | p |
---|---|---|---|
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 0.0228 | 4.611 | <0.001 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE | |||
T90 vs. T0 | 0.0184 | 2.630 | 0.058 |
T90 vs. T30 | 0.0101 | 1.439 | 0.916 |
T90 vs. T150 | 0.00285 | 0.404 | 1.000 |
T150 vs. T0 | 0.0156 | 2.223 | 0.168 |
T150 vs. T30 | 0.00722 | 1.032 | 1.000 |
T30 vs. T0 | 0.00833 | 1.200 | 1.000 |
Comparisons for factor: BWRP | |||
G15 vs. G1 | 0.0120 | 2.421 | 0.017 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE within MELATONIN | |||
T90 vs. T0 | 0.0374 | 3.747 | 0.002 |
T90 vs. T30 | 0.0168 | 1.685 | 0.566 |
T90 vs. T150 | 0.00514 | 0.508 | 1.000 |
T150 vs. T0 | 0.0322 | 3.232 | 0.009 |
T150 vs. T30 | 0.0117 | 1.170 | 1.000 |
T30 vs. T0 | 0.0206 | 2.093 | 0.230 |
Comparisons for factor: EXERCISE within PLACEBO | |||
T0 vs. T30 | 0.00389 | 0.396 | 1.000 |
T0 vs. T150 | 0.00111 | 0.113 | 1.000 |
T0 vs. T90 | 0.000556 | 0.0566 | 1.000 |
T90 vs. T30 | 0.00333 | 0.339 | 1.000 |
T90 vs. T150 | 0.000556 | 0.0566 | 1.000 |
T150 vs. T30 | 0.00278 | 0.283 | 1.000 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within T0 | |||
PLACEBO vs. MELATONIN | 0.00111 | 0.113 | 0.910 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within T30 | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 0.0233 | 2.376 | 0.019 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within T90 | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 0.0368 | 3.691 | <0.001 |
Comparisons for factor: TREATMENT within T150 | |||
MELATONIN vs. PLACEBO | 0.0322 | 3.232 | 0.002 |
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Rigamonti, A.E.; Rubino, F.M.; Caroli, D.; Bondesan, A.; Mai, S.; Cella, S.G.; Centofanti, L.; Paroni, R.; Sartorio, A. Effects of Melatonin on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Adults with Obesity Undergoing a Multidisciplinary Body Weight Reduction Program. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175216
Rigamonti AE, Rubino FM, Caroli D, Bondesan A, Mai S, Cella SG, Centofanti L, Paroni R, Sartorio A. Effects of Melatonin on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Adults with Obesity Undergoing a Multidisciplinary Body Weight Reduction Program. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175216
Chicago/Turabian StyleRigamonti, Antonello E., Federico M. Rubino, Diana Caroli, Adele Bondesan, Stefania Mai, Silvano G. Cella, Lucia Centofanti, Rita Paroni, and Alessandro Sartorio. 2024. "Effects of Melatonin on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Adults with Obesity Undergoing a Multidisciplinary Body Weight Reduction Program" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175216