Cardiovascular Risk across Glycemic Categories: Insights from a Nationwide Screening in Mongolia, 2022–2023
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Study Participants
2.2. Glucose Category Evaluation
2.3. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Assessment
2.4. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Findings | Total | Glycemic Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NGT | IFG | Newly DM | Old DM | p-Value | ||
Frequency, n | 120,266 | 71,215 | 40,080 | 7990 | 981 | - |
Age (years) | 44.3 ± 15.2 | 42.5 ± 15.3 | 50.5 ± 12.3 | 52.3 ± 11.8 | 53.7 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
Male, % (n) | 39.4 (47,370) | 37.9 (36,584) | 46.2 (7078) | 48.0 (1106) | 41.9 (2602) | <0.001 |
Living area: urban, % (n) | 41.4 (49,749) | 41.7 (40,234) | 32.8 (5022) | 35.9 (827) | 59.0 (3666) | <0.001 |
Education: lower, % (n) | 8.6 (10,351) | 8.4 (8126) | 10.2 (1562) | 7.1 (163) | 8.0 (500) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.9 | 26.1 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 4.9 | 29.7 ± 5.5 | 29.1 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
Obesity, % (n) | 22.7 (27,318) | 19.1 (18,388) | 35.8 (5488) | 44.8 (1031) | 38.8 (2411) | <0.001 |
Waist Circumference (male, cm) | 89.0 ± 14.1 | 87.2 ± 13.6 | 94.3 ± 13.9 | 98.4 ± 14.6 | 96.8 ± 14.1 | <0.001 |
Waist Circumference (female, cm) | 84.9 ± 13.7 | 83.4 ± 13.2 | 90.6 ± 13.6 | 93.3 ± 14.5 | 92.9 ± 13.8 | <0.001 |
Central Obesity, % (n) | 55.9 (67,179) | 51.8 (49,979) | 70.9 (10,871) | 78.5 (1806) | 72.8 (4523) | <0.001 |
Systolic (mmHg) | 120.2 ± 16.0 | 118.9 ± 15.4 | 124.8 ± 16.9 | 128.6 ± 18.4 | 127.0 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
Diastolic (mmHg) | 77.6 ± 10.6 | 76.7 ± 10.3 | 80.5 ± 10.8 | 82.4 ± 11.6 | 82.0 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
Smoking, % (n) | 19.5 (23,494) | 18.9 (18,272) | 22.4 (3425) | 23.8 (549) | 20.1 (1248) | <0.001 |
Alcohol use, % (n) | 9.3 (11,168) | 8.8 (8478) | 12.4 (1900) | 10.2 (235) | 8.9 (555) | 0.024 |
Fruit and vegetable daily use, % (n) | 25.4 (30,499) | 25.4 (24,485) | 24.9 (3816) | 26.1 (600) | 25.7 (1598) | 0.022 |
Regular exercise and PA, % (n) | 60.0 (72,181) | 59.8 (57,690) | 60.0 (9201) | 59.9 (1380) | 62.9 (3910) | <0.001 |
Gender | Age Category | N | CVD Risk Category, % (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | Very High | p-Value | |||
Male | T1 (18–36) | 18,702 | 78.2% (14,621) | 19.8% (3706) | 1.7% (314) | 0.3% (61) | <0.0001 |
T2 (37–52) | 14,085 | 52.3% (7365) | 39.3% (5532) | 7.6% (1070) | 0.8% (118) | ||
T3 (53–94) | 14,583 | 39.0% (5694) | 44.5% (6492) | 14.8% (2154) | 1.7% (243) | ||
Female | T1 (18–36) | 22,393 | 79.7% (17,848) | 18.9% (4225) | 1.0% (229) | 0.4% (91) | <0.0001 |
T2 (37–52) | 26,079 | 59.9% (15,611) | 35.0% (9120) | 4.6% (1196) | 0.6% (152) | ||
T3 (53–94) | 24,424 | 41.3% (10,076) | 45.1% (11,005) | 12.4% (3027) | 1.3% (316) |
Gender and Age | Glucose Status | N | CVD Risk Category, % (n) | ||||
Low | Moderate | High | Very High | p-Value | |||
Male | |||||||
T1 (18–36) | NGT | 17,169 | 79.4% (13,626) | 18.9% (3246) | 1.4% (246) | 0.3% (51) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 1160 | 66.6% (772) | 29.1% (338) | 3.7% (43) | 0.6% (7) | ||
New DM | 118 | 59.3% (70) | 30.5% (36) | 10.2% (12) | 0.0% (0) | ||
Old DM | 255 | 60.0% (153) | 33.7% (86) | 5.1% (13) | 1.2% (3) | ||
T2 (37–52) | NGT | 9811 | 55.2% (5420) | 37.9% (3719) | 6.2% (610) | 0.6% (62) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 2959 | 50.1% (1483) | 41.0% (1214) | 8.0% (236) | 0.9% (26) | ||
New DM | 433 | 38.1% (165) | 43.6% (189) | 16.4% (71) | 1.8% (8) | ||
Old DM | 882 | 33.7% (297) | 46.5% (410) | 17.3% (153) | 2.5% (22) | ||
T3 (53–94) | NGT | 9604 | 43.0% (4125) | 43.4% (4167) | 12.4% (1195) | 1.2% (117) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 2959 | 35.1% (1038) | 47.7% (1411) | 15.5% (458) | 1.8% (52) | ||
New DM | 555 | 27.6% (153) | 46.1% (256) | 23.2% (129) | 3.1% (17) | ||
Old DM | 1465 | 25.8% (378) | 44.9% (658) | 25.4% (372) | 3.9% (57) | ||
Glucose Status | N | CVD Risk Category, % (n) | |||||
Low | Moderate | High | Very High | p-Value | |||
Female | |||||||
T1 (18–36) | NGT | 20,799 | 80.3% (16,695) | 18.5% (3838) | 0.9% (183) | 0.4% (83) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 1093 | 76.5% (836) | 21.0% (229) | 2.2% (24) | 0.4% (4) | ||
New DM | 132 | 70.5% (93) | 22.7% (30) | 6.1% (8) | 0.8% (1) | ||
Old DM | 369 | 60.7% (224) | 34.7% (128) | 3.8% (14) | 0.8% (3) | ||
T2 (37–52) | NGT | 21,161 | 61.5% (13,012) | 34.0% (7191) | 4.0% (849) | 0.5% (109) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 3339 | 57.5% (1920) | 36.5% (1219) | 5.4% (179) | 0.6% (21) | ||
New DM | 458 | 46.5% (213) | 40.8% (187) | 12.0% (55) | 0.7% (3) | ||
Old DM | 1121 | 41.6% (466) | 46.7% (523) | 10.1% (113) | 1.7% (19) | ||
T3 (53–94) | NGT | 17,884 | 43.5% (7779) | 44.5% (7960) | 11.0% (1961) | 1.0% (184) | <0.0001 |
IFG | 3813 | 40.3% (1538) | 44.6% (1699) | 13.7% (522) | 1.4% (54) | ||
New DM | 606 | 30.4% (184) | 49.3% (299) | 17.2% (104) | 3.1% (19) | ||
Old DM | 2121 | 27.1% (575) | 49.4% (1047) | 20.7% (440) | 2.8% (59) |
Association of Glycemic Status with Moderate to High CVD Risk | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
Unadjusted | ||||
Normal fasting glycemia | 1.0 (reference) | - | - | - |
Impaired fasting glycemia | 1.73 | 1.67 | 1.79 | <0.001 |
Newly diagnosed diabetes | 2.75 | 2.53 | 2.99 | <0.001 |
Pre-existing diabetes (old) | 3.34 | 3.16 | 3.52 | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age | ||||
Normal fasting glycemia | 1.0 (reference) | - | - | - |
Impaired fasting glycemia | 1.26 | 1.22 | 1.31 | <0.001 |
Newly diagnosed diabetes | 1.91 | 1.75 | 2.08 | <0.001 |
Pre-existing diabetes (old) | 2.19 | 2.07 | 2.32 | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age, gender | ||||
Normal fasting glycemia | 1.0 (reference) | - | - | - |
Impaired fasting glycemia | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.28 | <0.001 |
Newly diagnosed diabetes | 1.87 | 1.71 | 2.04 | <0.001 |
Pre-existing diabetes (old) | 2.17 | 2.05 | 2.30 | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age, gender, central obesity | ||||
Normal fasting glycemia | 1.0 (reference) | - | - | - |
Impaired fasting glycemia | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.18 | <0.001 |
Newly diagnosed diabetes | 1.63 | 1.49 | 1.78 | <0.001 |
Pre-existing diabetes (old) | 1.94 | 1.83 | 2.05 | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age, gender, central obesity, fasting blood glucose level | ||||
Normal fasting glycemia | 1.0 (reference) | - | - | - |
Impaired fasting glycemia | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.15 | <0.001 |
Newly diagnosed diabetes | 1.37 | 1.24 | 1.52 | <0.001 |
Pre-existing diabetes (old) | 1.76 | 1.65 | 1.88 | <0.001 |
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Batmunkh, N.; Enkhtugs, K.; Munkhbat, K.; Davaakhuu, N.; Enebish, O.; Dangaa, B.; Luvsansambuu, T.; Togtmol, M.; Bayartsogt, B.; Batsukh, K.; et al. Cardiovascular Risk across Glycemic Categories: Insights from a Nationwide Screening in Mongolia, 2022–2023. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5866. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195866
Batmunkh N, Enkhtugs K, Munkhbat K, Davaakhuu N, Enebish O, Dangaa B, Luvsansambuu T, Togtmol M, Bayartsogt B, Batsukh K, et al. Cardiovascular Risk across Glycemic Categories: Insights from a Nationwide Screening in Mongolia, 2022–2023. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(19):5866. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195866
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatmunkh, Nomuuna, Khangai Enkhtugs, Khishignemekh Munkhbat, Narantuya Davaakhuu, Oyunsuren Enebish, Bayarbold Dangaa, Tumurbaatar Luvsansambuu, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Batzorig Bayartsogt, Khishigjargal Batsukh, and et al. 2024. "Cardiovascular Risk across Glycemic Categories: Insights from a Nationwide Screening in Mongolia, 2022–2023" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 19: 5866. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195866