Co-Morbidity Clusters in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Lung Function
2.3. CAT Score Measurement
2.4. Measurement of Quality of Life
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Lung Function Tests
3.2. CAT Score
3.3. Post-COVID-19 Symptoms
3.4. Life Quality Assessment
3.5. Smoking Habits
3.6. Vaccination Status
3.7. Clinical Severity Spectrum of COVID-19 versus Functional Lung Parameters in Post-COVID-19
3.8. Co-Morbidities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Values |
---|---|
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 55.16 ± 13.1 |
Male | 110 (46) * |
Female | 128 (54) * |
Respiratory diseases | 47 (20) * |
Asthma | 35 (15) * |
COPD | 11 (5) * |
Allergic rhinitis | 4 (2) * |
Lung cancer | 1 (0.4) * |
Pulmonary Hypertension | 2 (0.8) * |
Psychiatric conditions | 8 (3) * |
Cardiovascular diseases | 106 (44) * |
Ischemic heart disease | 20 (8) * |
Heart valve disease | 5 (2) * |
Hypertension | 94 (39) * |
Cardiac arrhythmia | 10 (4) * |
Oncological diseases | 14 (6) * |
Diabetes mellitus | 18 (8) * |
Renal disease | 1 (0.4) * |
Number of Patients | % of Patients | Lung Function as % of Predicted Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
All | 191 | 100 | 95.00 (82.00–105.00) | |
FEV1 | Low | 38 | 19.90 | 71.00 (62.25–75.00) |
Normal | 153 | 80.10 | 98.00 (91–108) | |
Tiffeneau-index | All | 187 | 100 | 78.95 (74.16–82.70) |
Low | 110 | 58.82 | 75.06 (68.97–77.89) | |
Normal | 77 | 41.18 | 84.06 (81.67–88.31) | |
Dlco | All | 59 | 100 | 86.00 (73.00–96.50) |
Low | 23 | 38.98 | 67.00 (61.00–75.00) | |
Normal | 36 | 61.02 | 94.50 (86.75–101.25) |
Number of Patients | % | |
---|---|---|
Total Number of patients | 80 | 100 |
General pain | 26 | 32.50 |
Fatigue | 59 | 73.75 |
Pulmonary symptoms | 60 | 75.00 |
Shortness of breath, dyspnoe | 39 | 48.75 |
Cough | 37 | 46.25 |
Neurological symptoms | 50 | 62.50 |
Sleep disorder | 29 | 36.25 |
Cognitive disorder | 20 | 25.00 |
Peripheral neuropathy | 12 | 15.00 |
Headache | 22 | 27.50 |
Dizziness | 21 | 26.25 |
Delirium | 1 | 1.25 |
Ear-Nose-Throat symptoms | 41 | 51.25 |
Earache | 8 | 10.00 |
Tinnitus | 16 | 20.00 |
Pharyngalgia | 16 | 20.00 |
Hearing loss | 11 | 13.75 |
Loss of smell | 7 | 8.75 |
Loss of taste | 5 | 6.25 |
Cardiovascular symptoms | 34 | 42.50 |
Chest pain | 31 | 38.75 |
Palpitation | 5 | 6.25 |
Musculoskeletal symptoms | 35 | 43.75 |
Myalgia | 26 | 32.50 |
Arthralgia | 25 | 31.25 |
Psychiatric symptoms | 25 | 31.25 |
Anxiety | 10 | 12.50 |
Nightmares | 6 | 7.50 |
Depression | 7 | 8.50 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | 21 | 26.25 |
Diarrhea | 9 | 11.25 |
Abdominal pain | 12 | 15.00 |
Decreased appetite | 6 | 7.50 |
Nausea | 6 | 7.50 |
Dermatological symptoms | 6 | 7.50 |
Dry skin | 1 | 1.25 |
Itching | 1 | 1.25 |
Hair loss | 3 | 3.75 |
Skin rash | 3 | 3.75 |
Other symptoms (vision impairment, tremors) | 3 | 3.75 |
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Sárközi, A.T.; Tornyi, I.; Békési, E.; Horváth, I. Co-Morbidity Clusters in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051457
Sárközi AT, Tornyi I, Békési E, Horváth I. Co-Morbidity Clusters in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(5):1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051457
Chicago/Turabian StyleSárközi, Anna Teréz, Ilona Tornyi, Erik Békési, and Ildikó Horváth. 2024. "Co-Morbidity Clusters in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5: 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051457