The Possible Effect of β-Blocker Use on the Circulating MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Conservative Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Laboratory Methods
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Characteristics of Patients with CKD Treated and Not Treated with β-Blockers
3.2. The Relationship between the Use of β-Blockers and MMP-2 and TIMP-2 Concentrations in the Whole Group of Patients with CKD
3.3. The Effect of β-Blocker Treatment on MMP-2 and TIMP-2 Levels and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 Ratio in Patients with CKD
3.4. The Effect of β-Blocker Treatment on Proinflammatory Cytokines and the Marker of Oxidative Stress—Cu/Zn SOD— Levels
3.5. The Factors Affecting the MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in the β-Blockers (+) Group and β-Blockers (−) Group
3.6. The Effect of Calcium Channel Antagonists (CCA) on the MMP-2/TIMP-2 System, Oxidative Status, and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the β-Blockers (+) Group and β-Blockers (−) Group
3.7. Variables Independently Predicting the MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in the β-Blockers Group (+) and β-Blockers (−) Group
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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β-Blockers (+), n = 23 | β-Blockers (−), n = 27 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 53.43 ± 12.70 | 53.48 ± 17.74 | 0.897 |
Male sex, % | 57 | 59 | 0.886 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 17.5 (9.7–42.6) | 18.7 (12.8–33.8) | 0.535 |
CKD, stage 1, % | 0 | 4 | 0.332 |
CKD, stage 2, % | 17 | 15 | 0.849 |
CKD, stage 3, % | 17 | 19 | 0.856 |
CKD, stage 4, % | 17 | 19 | 0.856 |
CKD, stage 5, % | 48 | 42 | 0.673 |
SBP, mm Hg | 136.90 ± 11.23 | 134.23 ± 14.26 | 0.471 |
DBP, mm Hg | 88.57 ± 7.27 | 84.62 ± 7.20 | 0.695 |
Heart rate, bpm | 73.3 ± 8.9 | 68.8 ± 9.5 | 0.562 |
RBC, 1012/L | 3.63 ± 0.72 | 3.45 ± 0.57 | 0.334 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.13 ± 2.35 | 10.70 ± 1.98 | 0.490 |
WBC, 109/L | 6.41 ± 1.95 | 6.49 ± 2.62 | 0.560 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 90.0 (81.0–100.0) | 93.5 (85.0–117.0) | 0.474 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.12 ± 0.71 | 3.07 ± 0.77 | 0.814 |
Total protein, g/dL | 6.10 ± 1.22 | 6.10 ± 1.17 | 0.999 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 208.0 (175.0–223.0) | 190.0 (170.0–219.0) | 0.338 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 170 (115–265) | 152 (80–291) | 0.448 |
Cardiovascular disease, % | 48 | 37 | 0.432 |
Smokers, % | 9 | 19 | 0.316 |
Diabetic nephropathy, % | 37 | 30 | 0.652 |
Glomerulonephritis, % | 37 | 47 | 0.475 |
Polycystic kidney disease, % | 17 | 19 | 0.854 |
Hypertensive nephropathy, % | 9 | 4 | 0.234 |
Diuretics, % | 26 | 15 | 0.166 |
Converting enzyme inhibitors/sartans % | 65 | 52 | 0.176 |
Calcium channel antagonists, % | 74 | 52 | 0.110 |
α-adrenoceptor antagonists, % | 13 | 4 | 0.123 |
Statin, % | 9 | 19 | 0.316 |
β-Blockers (+) | β-Blockers (−) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-2 | TIMP-2 | MMP-2 | TIMP-2 | |
Sex, male = 1 | R = 0.031 NS | R = 0.008 NS | χ2 = 4.518 p = 0.034 | χ2 = 2.706 NS |
SBP | R = 0.163 NS | R = 0.463 p = 0.035 | R = 0.180 NS | R = 0.150 NS |
RBC | R = −0.500 p = 0.015 | R = −0.509 p = 0.013 | R = −0.142 NS | R = −0.075 NS |
Hemoglobin | R = −0.510 p = 0.013 | R = −0.556 p = 0.006 | R = −0.102 NS | R = −0.046 NS |
Interleukin 6 | R = 0.458 p = 0.028 | R = 0.390 p = 0.066 | R = 0.101 NS | R = 0.061 NS |
TNF-α | R = 0.419 p = 0.046 | R = 0.230 NS | R = 0.042 NS | R = 0.062 NS |
Cu/Zn SOD | R = −0.066 NS | R = 0.077 NS | R = 0.382 p = 0.049 | R = 0.549 p = 0.003 |
Albumin | R = −0.586 p = 0.002 | R = −0.290 NS | R = −0.471 p = 0.030 | R = −0.300 NS |
Total protein | R = −0.544 p = 0.008 | R = −0.082 NS | R = −0.273 NS | R = −0.056 NS |
Diabetic nephropathy | χ2 = 0.016 NS | χ2 = 0.020 NS | χ2 = 6.497 p = 0.011 | χ2 = 6.618 p = 0.010 |
Glomerulonephritis | χ2 = 4.422 p = 0.035 | χ2 = 2.782 NS | χ2 = 6.253 p = 0.010 | χ2 = 6.367 p = 0.012 |
Calcium channel antagonists | χ2 = 6.199 p = 0.013 | χ2 = 7.475 p = 0.006 | χ2 = 0.514 NS | χ2 = 0.019 NS |
Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (β) | Standard Error | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-2 | albumin | −0.553 | 0.181 | <0.001 |
RBC | −0.512 | 0.178 | 0.016 | |
TIMP-2 * | MMP-2 | 0.740 | 0.132 | <0.001 |
SBP | 0.297 | 0.132 | 0.038 |
Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (β) | Standard Error | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-2 | Cu/Zn SOD | 0.734 | 0.208 | 0.005 |
albumin | −0.682 | 0.242 | 0.018 | |
TIMP-2 * | MMP-2 | 0.739 | 0.113 | <0.001 |
glomerulonephritis | −0.264 | 0.112 | 0.028 |
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Kopańko, M.; Zabłudowska, M.; Pawlak, D.; Sieklucka, B.; Krupa, A.; Sokołowska, K.; Ziemińska, M.; Pawlak, K. The Possible Effect of β-Blocker Use on the Circulating MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Conservative Treatment. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071847
Kopańko M, Zabłudowska M, Pawlak D, Sieklucka B, Krupa A, Sokołowska K, Ziemińska M, Pawlak K. The Possible Effect of β-Blocker Use on the Circulating MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Conservative Treatment. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(7):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071847
Chicago/Turabian StyleKopańko, Magdalena, Magdalena Zabłudowska, Dariusz Pawlak, Beata Sieklucka, Anna Krupa, Katarzyna Sokołowska, Marta Ziemińska, and Krystyna Pawlak. 2024. "The Possible Effect of β-Blocker Use on the Circulating MMP-2/TIMP-2 System in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Conservative Treatment" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071847