Visual Field Tests: A Narrative Review of Different Perimetric Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Relevant Sections
3.1. History and Evolution of Perimetry
3.2. The Age of Automation: Goldmann Bowl Perimetry
4. Subjective Perimetric Methods
4.1. Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP)
4.2. Redundancy Limits SAP
4.3. Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry (SWAP)
4.4. Frequency Doubling Technology (FDT) Perimetry
4.5. High-Pass Resolution Perimetry (HRP)
4.6. Motion Automated Perimetry (MAP)
4.7. Moorfield’s Motion Displacement Test (MDT)
4.8. Rarebit Perimetry (RBP)
4.9. Microperimetry
5. Objective Perimetric Methods
5.1. Electroretinogram (ERG)
5.2. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
5.3. Multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry (mfPOP)
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Key Messages
- Visual field testing provides critical information on eye, brain and neurological diseases and is an integral part of comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation.
- Subjective visual field tests, including standard automated perimetry, are limited by high test–retest variability, learning effects, variability due to under-sampling, and the principle of redundancy.
- Among the objective tests, electroretinograms and visually evoked potentials are limited by the inconvenience of applying electrodes and are time-consuming.
- Multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry is an objective and reliable method which can test both eyes in less than 90 s and has the critical advantage of measuring response delay, which no other perimetric method provides. It has normative data.
- Some Multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry stimulus regions are matched spatially to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 9 subfields for easy structural-functional correlation and recommended diagnostic effect size of >2, and thus Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of >0.92 are better met by this method than any others.
9. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rai, B.B.; Sabeti, F.; Carle, C.F.; Maddess, T. Visual Field Tests: A Narrative Review of Different Perimetric Methods. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092458
Rai BB, Sabeti F, Carle CF, Maddess T. Visual Field Tests: A Narrative Review of Different Perimetric Methods. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(9):2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092458
Chicago/Turabian StyleRai, Bhim Bahadur, Faran Sabeti, Corinne Frances Carle, and Ted Maddess. 2024. "Visual Field Tests: A Narrative Review of Different Perimetric Methods" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 9: 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092458