Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Treatment Options
3. The Hypothalamus is the Primary Site of Central Appetite Regulation
3.1. The Arcuate Nucleus
3.2. Pro-Opiomelanocortin
3.3. Cocaine-and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript
3.4. Agouti-Related Peptide
3.5. Neuropeptide Y
4. Endocrine Regulation of Satiety and Energy Homeostasis
4.1. Cholecystokinin
4.2. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Agonists
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists with Extended Duration
4.3. Oxyntomodulin
4.4. Ghrelin
4.5. Peptide YY
4.6. Pancreatic Polypeptide
4.7. Amylin
4.8. Leptin
Combining Leptin and Amylin
4.9. Oleoyl-Estrone
4.10. Uroguanylin and Guanylyl Cyclases
5. Conclusions
Hormone Analog/Targeted Receptor | Phase in Development | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preclinical | Phase I | Phase II | Phase III | FDA Approved | |
Glucagon-like peptide 1 Receptor agonists | Oral Semaglutide ZP2929 # | TT-401 # | Lixisenatide | Exenatide (2004) Liraglutide (2010) Exenatide-LAR (2012) | |
MC4 Receptor agonists | AZD2820 | LY2112688 | RM-493 | ||
Amylin | Pramlintide (2005) | ||||
Leptin | Metreleptin | ||||
Oleoyl-Estrone | Oleoyl-estrone | ||||
Ghrelin Inhibitors | NOX-B11 Ghrelin Antagonists GOAT Inhibitors | Ghrelin Vaccine (CYT009-GhrQb) | |||
Guanylyl Cyclase C agonists | Uroguanylin | Linaclotide (2012) |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Merlino, D.J.; Blomain, E.S.; Aing, A.S.; Waldman, S.A. Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy. J. Clin. Med. 2014, 3, 763-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030763
Merlino DJ, Blomain ES, Aing AS, Waldman SA. Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2014; 3(3):763-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030763
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerlino, Dante J., Erik S. Blomain, Amanda S. Aing, and Scott A. Waldman. 2014. "Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 3: 763-794. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030763