The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart
Abstract
:1. Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Disease
2. Mechanical Forces of the Heart
3. Cardiac Fibroblasts and Mechanotransduction
4. Mechanical Activation of Extracellular Matrix: A Vigilant Pro-Fibrotic Reservoir
4.1. Transforming Growth Factor β Activation; A Potent Signal Activated in ECM during Increased Stress
4.2. DAMPs Are Stress-Induced Initiators of Inflammation and Fibrosis
5. Cell Surface Mechanotransduction: A Strained Relationship between the ECM and Cell Interior
5.1. Integrins Are Main Constituents of Focal Adhesions Integrating Extracellular and Intracellular Signals
5.2. Syndecan-4 Is Part of the Mechanosensory Apparatus of Fibroblasts
5.3. Stretch-Activated Ion Channels (SACs); Functional Roles in Fibrosis Still to Be Explored
6. Mechanotransduction by the Cytoskeleton: Actin’ on Nuclear Translocation
6.1. Myocardin-Related Transcription Factors Are Liberated from Actin by Mechanical Stimulation
6.2. Hippo Signaling Pathway Is Regulated by Cytoskeletal Dynamics
7. Nuclear Mechanosensing: Long-Distance Communication
7.1. Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton; A Complex for Nuclear Detection of Force
7.2. Nuclear Shape and Stiffness Is Associated with Cardiac Fibrosis
8. Manipulating the Soft and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herum, K.M.; Lunde, I.G.; McCulloch, A.D.; Christensen, G. The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart. J. Clin. Med. 2017, 6, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6050053
Herum KM, Lunde IG, McCulloch AD, Christensen G. The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2017; 6(5):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6050053
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerum, Kate M., Ida G. Lunde, Andrew D. McCulloch, and Geir Christensen. 2017. "The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart" Journal of Clinical Medicine 6, no. 5: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6050053