Polish Validation of the SarQoL®, a Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific to Sarcopenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants and Protocol
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Polish Translation
2.2.2. Psychometric Validation of the Polish Version of the SarQoL®
- Discriminative power. The studied group was divided into sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic subjects based on the definition described above. We assumed that QoL is worse in sarcopenic subjects compared to subjects without a diagnosis of sarcopenia. An independent sample t-test was performed to assess the difference of overall and domain QoL scores between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic subjects.
- Internal consistency. To measure internal consistency, understood as an estimation of the questionnaire’s homogeneity, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied [18]. A coefficient value greater than 0.70 indicates a high level of internal consistency. By deleting one domain at a time, each domain’s impact on reliability was also considered. The correlation of each domain with the total score of the SarQoL®-PL was also assessed using Pearson´s correlations, since scores were normally distributed. A correlation above 0.81 is considered excellent, one between 0.61 and 0.80 very good, and one between 0.41 and 0.60 is regarded as good.
- Floor and ceiling effects were defined as when a high percentage of the population had the lowest or the highest score, respectively. Floor and ceiling effects higher than 15% were considered to be significant.
- Construct validity. The construct validity was investigated by measuring the convergent validity, and this analysis was performed only with sarcopenic participants. Apart from completing the SarQoL®-PL questionnaire, subjects were asked to complete two other commonly accepted questionnaires that were thought to have similar dimensions:
- The generic Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36v2®) [19], which contains 36 items gathered into eight health domains: physical functioning, role limitation due to physical problems, pain, vitality, general health, role limitation due to emotional problems, mental health, and social functioning. The total raw score computed for each health domain scale (i.e., from 0, reflecting the worst QoL, to 100—the best QoL) was aggregated with the use of Health Outcomes Scoring Software 5.0 into a physical component summary (SF-36v2® PCS) and mental component summary (SF-36v2® MCS), providing reliable and valid summaries of a respondent’s physical and mental status.
- The EuroQoL 5-dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire [20] includes five domains: mobility, usual activities, self-care, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, as well as the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), as a measure of overall self-rated health status. Each of the 5 dimensions comprising the EQ-5D was divided into 5 levels of perceived problems, from level 1—indicating no problem, to level 5—indicating extreme problems. A unique health state was defined by combining the reported level from each of the five dimensions and referring the result to a 5-digit code, which was subsequently converted into a single index value (EQ-5D index value).
- Test-retest reliability. To analyze the test-retest stability of our Polish version of the SarQoL®, the sarcopenic participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire once again after a two-week interval. The reliability was assessed by means of an intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC). An ICC over 0.7 is considered an acceptable reliability. Participants were also questioned about having any change in their general health (physical and mental) during the preceding two weeks. Only the results of the subjects who did not report any significant health change over that two-week period were included in the analysis.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Translation Process
3.3. Psychometric Validation Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Statement
References
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Sarcopenic (n = 60) | Non-Sarcopenic (n = 46) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 78.4 ± 8.05 | 71.3 ± 5.24 | 0.003 |
Sex (n; %) Female | 43 (71.7%) | 26 (56.5%) | 0.10 |
Height (cm) | 161.9 ± 9.31 | 164.1 ± 7.72 | 0.20 |
Weight (kg) | 73.9 ± 14.2 | 79.9 ± 13.3 | 0.03 |
BMI (kg/m²) | 28.2 ± 4.92 | 29.7 ± 4.91 | 0.12 |
Anthropometric data Waist circumference (cm) † Hip circumference (cm) Waist-to-hip ratio (cm) Thigh circumference (cm) † | 92.0 (82.2–101.5) 105.7 ± 8.37 0.87 ± 0.1 53.5 (51.0–58.0) | 98.0 (89.5–108.0) 128.9 ± 131.5 0.90 ± 0.08 56.0 (53.0–62.0) | 0.023 0.18 0.14 0.015 |
Dynamometry (kg) † | 19.0 (17.0–23.0) | 31.0 (25.0–41.2) | <0.001 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) Systolic Diastolic | 136.8 ± 18.1 77.8 ± 9.00 | 145.6 ± 22.9 79.3 ± 8.67 | 0.03 0.37 |
Marital Status Married Widowed Divorced Single | 28 (46.7%) 28 (46.7%) 2 (3.3%) 0 (0.0%) | 32 (69.6%) 11 (23.9%) 2 (4.3%) 1 (2.2%) | 0.06 |
Educational Status Elementary Vocational High-school University | 14 (23.3%) 10 (16.7%) 15 (25.0%) 13 (21.7%) | 10 (21.7%) 8 (17.4%) 19 (41.3%) 8 (17.4%) | 0.56 |
Number of fractures (total) † | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.074 |
Number of falls † | 0.00 (0.00–1.75) | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.72 |
Number of concomitant diseases † | 1.50 (1.00–2.00) | 1.50 (1.00–2.00) | 0.33 |
Number of drugs † | 2.00 (1.00–4.00) | 2.00 (1.00–4.00) | 0.95 |
Sarcopenia (n = 60) Mean ± SD | No Sarcopenia (n = 46) Mean ± SD | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Total score | 54.9 ± 16.5 | 63.3 ± 17.1 | 0.013 |
D1 Physical and mental health | 53.7 ± 16.8 | 66.9 ± 19.1 | <0.001 |
D2 Locomotion | 51.3 ± 21.3 | 61.3 ± 22.9 | 0.023 |
D3 Body composition | 53.7 ± 16.1 | 67.7 ± 17.8 | <0.001 |
D4 Functionality | 59.5 ± 18.4 | 63.9 ± 20.01 | 0.25 |
D5 Activities of daily living | 53.8 ± 17.9 | 62.6 ± 17.8 | 0.014 |
D6 Leisure activities | 27.7 ± 20.2 | 28.9 ± 17.3 | 0.75 |
D7 Fears | 83.1 ± 11.2 | 86.9 ± 12.6 | 0.10 |
Total Score of the SarQoL®-PL, r | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
SarQoL® D1 Physical and mental health | 0.91 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D2 Locomotion | 0.94 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D3 Body composition | 0.81 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D4 Functionality | 0.93 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D5 Activities of daily living | 0.92 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D6 Leisure activities | 0.45 * | <0.001 |
SarQoL® D7 Fears | 0.76 * | <0.001 |
SF-36v2® PCS | 0.88 † | <0.001 |
SF-36v2® MCS | 0.62 † | <0.001 |
EQ-5D index value | 0.72 † | <0.001 |
EQ-VAS | 0.71 † | <0.001 |
Test | Retest | ICC | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total score | 65.1 ± 13.4 | 65.3 ± 13.5 | 0.99 | 0.995–0.999 |
SarQoL® D1 Physical and mental health | 62.3 ± 14.4 | 62.0 ± 14.4 | 0.98 | 0.96–0.99 |
SarQoL® D2 Locomotion | 63.9 ± 18.6 | 64.8 ± 18.4 | 0.99 | 0.990–0.997 |
SarQoL® D3 Body composition | 59.9 ± 16.3 | 60.2 ± 15.9 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 |
SarQoL® D4 Functionality | 71.1 ± 14.8 | 70.9 ± 15.2 | 0.99 | 0.986–0.996 |
SarQoL® D5 Activities of daily living | 63.2 ± 14.3 | 63.5 ± 14.7 | 0.98 | 0.96–0.99 |
SarQoL® D6 Leisure activities | 40.7 ± 20.7 | 40.7 ± 20.7 | 1.00 | |
SarQoL® D7 Fears | 87.2 ± 12.1 | 88.1 ± 10.4 | 0.96 | 0.92–0.98 |
Total Score of the SarQoL®, r Polish Version | Total Score of the SarQoL®, r English Version | Total Score of the SarQoL®, r Romanian Version | |
---|---|---|---|
SarQoL® D1 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.89 |
SarQoL® D2 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.91 |
SarQoL® D3 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.73 |
SarQoL® D4 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.91 |
SarQoL® D5 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.93 |
SarQoL® D6 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.67 |
SarQoL® D7 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 0.66 |
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Konstantynowicz, J.; Abramowicz, P.; Glinkowski, W.; Taranta, E.; Marcinowicz, L.; Dymitrowicz, M.; Reginster, J.-Y.; Bruyere, O.; Beaudart, C. Polish Validation of the SarQoL®, a Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific to Sarcopenia. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100323
Konstantynowicz J, Abramowicz P, Glinkowski W, Taranta E, Marcinowicz L, Dymitrowicz M, Reginster J-Y, Bruyere O, Beaudart C. Polish Validation of the SarQoL®, a Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific to Sarcopenia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(10):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100323
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantynowicz, Jerzy, Pawel Abramowicz, Wojciech Glinkowski, Ewa Taranta, Ludmila Marcinowicz, Malgorzata Dymitrowicz, Jean-Yves Reginster, Olivier Bruyere, and Charlotte Beaudart. 2018. "Polish Validation of the SarQoL®, a Quality of Life Questionnaire Specific to Sarcopenia" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100323