Biomarkers for Detecting Mitochondrial Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Biomarkers
3.1.1. Definition
3.1.2. Requirements
3.1.3. Classification
3.2. Dry Biomarkers
3.2.1. History and Clinical Examination
3.2.2. Imaging
Structural Imaging
(1) Muscle
(2) Brain
(3) Heart
Functional Imaging
(1) Muscle
(2) Brain
3.2.3. Cutaneous Respirometry
3.3. Wet Biomarkers
3.3.1. Lactate, Pyruvate, Creatine-Kinase, Amino A2cids, Organic Acids, Carnitines, Oxidative Stress Parameters
3.3.2. Circulating Cytokines (FGF21, GDF15)
3.3.3. microRNAs
3.3.4. Biopsy of Solid Tissues
3.3.5. Exercise Tests
3.3.6. Small Molecule Reporters
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Finsterer, J.; Zarrouk-Mahjoub, S. Biomarkers for Detecting Mitochondrial Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7020016
Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Biomarkers for Detecting Mitochondrial Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(2):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleFinsterer, Josef, and Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub. 2018. "Biomarkers for Detecting Mitochondrial Disorders" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 2: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7020016