Non-Linear Relationship between Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Definitions of Study Outcomes
2.3. Biochemical Analyses
Anti-Apolipoprotein A-I IgG Levels
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Demographic and Biological Characteristics
3.2. Associations with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) at 1-Year of Follow-Up
3.3. Anti-apoA-I IgG Associations in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient Characteristics | All Patients (n = 1713) | MACE * (n = 144) | No MACE * (n = 1569) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | |||
Median (IQR) | 64 (54–74) | 76 (64–81) | 63 (53–73) |
BMI, kg/m2 | |||
Median (IQR) | 26.5 (24.2–29.4) | 26.0 (24.1–30.4) | 26.5 (24.2–29.4) |
Missing data | 23 | 9 | 14 |
Female, n (%) | 363/1713 (21.2%) | 35/144 (24.3%) | 328/1569 (20.9%) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 690/1680 (41.1%) | 44/138 (31.9%) | 646/1542 (41.9%) |
Diabetes history, n (%) | 310/1713 (18.1%) | 47/144 (32.6%) | 263/1569 (16.8%) |
MI history, n (%) | 246/1713 (14.4%) | 31/144 (21.5%) | 215/1569 (13.7%) |
Hypertension history, n (%) | 993/1713 (58.0%) | 100/144 (69.4%) | 893/1569 (56.9%) |
Dyslipidemia history, n (%) | 1031/1711 (60.3%) | 82/143 (57.3%) | 949/1568 (60.5%) |
Valvular disease history, n (%) | 33/1713 (1.9%) | 10/144 (6.9%) | 23/1569 (1.5%) |
Statin use, n (%) | 503/1702 (29.6%) | 50/141 (35.5%) | 453/1561 (29.0%) |
Beta-blocker use, n (%) | 410/1699 (24.1%) | 54/141 (59.3%) | 356/1558 (22.8%) |
GRACE score 2.0 | |||
Median (IQR) | 123 (106–142) | 144 (120–165) | 121 (104–140) |
Hs-CRP, mg/l | |||
Median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.2–8.0) | 5.8 (2.3–18.9) | 2.7 (1.1–7.6) |
Missing data | 203 | 11 | 192 |
Hs-cTnT, pg/L | |||
Median (IQR) | 0.22 (0.07–0.75) | 0.51 (0.13–1.92) | 0.21 (0.06–0.70) |
Missing data | 194 | 10 | 184 |
TMAO, µmol/L | |||
Median (IQR) | 2.93 (1.99–4.97) | 4.25 (2.12–7.35) | 2.86 (1.98–4.85) |
Missing data | 360 | 38 | 322 |
Anti-ApoA-I IgGs, OD | |||
Median (IQR) | 0.66 (0.44–0.97) | 0.76 (0.49–0.98) | 0.65 (0.44–0.97) |
HDL, mmol/L | |||
Median (IQR) | 1.13 (0.94–1.39) | 1.15 (0.94–1.46) | 1.12 (0.94–1.38) |
missing data | 65 | 8 | 57 |
LDL, mmol/L | |||
Ledian (IQR) | 3.08 (2.34–3.84) | 2.72 (2.04–3.45) | 3.11 (2.39–3.86) |
Missing data | 68 | 8 | 60 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | |||
Median (IQR) | 4.86 (4.10–5.70) | 4.5 (3.7–5.2) | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) |
Missing data | 49 | 7 | 42 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | |||
Median (IQR) | 1.02 (0.69–1.60) | 0.95 (0.65–1.33) | 1.04 (0.70–1.60) |
Missing data | 58 | 7 | 51 |
Creatinine | |||
Median (IQR) | 76.0 (65.0–91.0) | 89.0 (71.8–114.3) | 75.0 (65.0–90.0) |
eGFR | |||
Median (IQR) | 90.9 (73.5–108.8) | 74.6 (55.8–92.3) | 92.1 (75.4–109.6) |
Missing data | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Systolic blood pressure | |||
Median (IQR) | 129 (114–145) | 129 (110–142) | 129 (115–145) |
Diastolic blood pressure | |||
Median (IQR) | 75.0 (65.0–84.0) | 72.0 (61.0–80.3) | 75.0 (65.0–84.0) |
Missing data | 17 | 0 | 17 |
Renal failure (eGFR < 60), n (%) | 214/1708 (12.5%) | 43/144 (29.8%) | 171/1564 (9.0%) |
Predictors | Levels | N MACE/N Total | One-Year Cumulative Incidence of MACE (95% CI) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 26–54 y | 17/450 | 3.8 (2.0–5.6) | <0.0001 |
55–64 y | 22/443 | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | ||
65–74 y | 32/418 | 7.7 (5.1–10.3) | ||
≥75 y | 73/402 | 18.4 (14.5–22.1) | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 20–24.9 | 49/554 | 9.0 (6.5–11.3) | 0.1569 |
25–29.9 | 50/767 | 6.6 (4.8–8.4) | ||
30–34.9 | 26/283 | 9.3 (5.8–12.6) | ||
≥35 | 10/86 | 12.0 (4.7–18.8) | ||
GRACE score | ≤99 | 9/318 | 2.9 (1.0–4.7) | <0.0001 |
100–119 | 25/453 | 5.6 (3.4–7.7) | ||
120–139 | 29/456 | 6.4 (4.1–8.7) | ||
140–159 | 37/303 | 12.3 (8.5–16.0) | ||
≥160 | 44/183 | 24.3 (17.8–30.3) | ||
Gender | female | 35/363 | 9.8 (6.6–12.8) | 0.3095 |
male | 109/1350 | 8.2 (6.7–9.6) | ||
Diabetes history | no | 97/1403 | 7.0 (5.6–8.3) | <0.0001 |
yes | 47/310 | 15.5 (11.3–19.4) | ||
MI history | No | 113/1467 | 7.8 (6.4–9.2) | 0.0124 |
yes | 31/246 | 12.9 (8.5–17.0) | ||
Hypertension history | no | 44/720 | 6.2 (4.4–7.9) | 0.0041 |
yes | 100/993 | 10.2 (8.3–12.1) | ||
Dyslipidemia history | no | 61/680 | 9.1 (6.9–7.9) | 0.4057 |
yes | 82/1031 | 8.0 (6.4–12.1) | ||
Valvular history | no | 134/1680 | 8.1 (6.8–9.4) | <0.0001 |
yes | 10/33 | 30.3 (12.7–44.3) | ||
Current smoker | no | 96/990 | 9.6 (7.7–11.4) | 0.0251 |
yes | 44/690 | 6.5 (4.6–8.3) | ||
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0–0.99 | 12/299 | 4.1 (1.8–6.3) | <0.0001 |
1–1.99 | 18/280 | 6.5 (3.5–9.3) | ||
2–9.99 | 55/614 | 9.1 (6.8–11.4) | ||
≥10 | 48/317 | 15.4 (11.3–19.4) | ||
Hs-cTnT, ng/L | 0–0.14 | 40/647 | 6.3 (4.4–8.1) | 0.0001 |
0.15–0.52 | 29/379 | 7.8 (5.0–10.5) | ||
>0.52 | 65/493 | 13.3 (10.3–16.3) | ||
TMAO, µmol/L | <2 | 25/340 | 7.4 (4.6–10.2) | 0.0001 |
2–2.99 | 12/350 | 3.5 (1.5–5.4) | ||
3–3.99 | 13/206 | 6.4 (3.0–9.7) | ||
4–6.99 | 27/257 | 10.6 (6.7–14.3) | ||
≥7 | 29/200 | 14.7 (9.6–19.4) |
Predictors | Levels | N MACE/N Total | One-Year Cumulative Incidence of MACE (95% CI) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-ApoA-I IgGs, OD | ≤0.45 | 31/442 | 7.1 (4.7–9.5) | 0.0323 |
0.46–0.65 | 24/396 | 6.1 (3.7–8.5) | ||
0.66–0.95 | 48/425 | 11.5 (8.4–14.5) | ||
>0.95 | 41/450 | 9.2 (6.5–11.9) | ||
HDL, mmol/L | <1 | 41/511 | 8.2 (5.7–10.5) | 0.6210 |
1–1.3 | 48/626 | 7.8 (5.6–9.8) | ||
>1.3 | 47/511 | 9.3 (6.7–11.8) | ||
LDL, mmol/L | <2.5 | 59/492 | 12.3 (9.3–15.1) | 0.0005 |
2.5–3.5 | 46/580 | 8.0 (5.8–10.2) | ||
>3.5 | 31/573 | 5.5 (3.6–7.3) | ||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | <4.5 | 98/606 | 11.4 (8.8–13.9) | 0.0027 |
4.5–5.5 | 41/573 | 7.2 (5.1–9.3) | ||
>5.5 | 28/485 | 5.9 (3.7–7.9) | ||
Triglyceride, mmol/L | <0.80 | 46/527 | 8.8 (6.3–11.2) | 0.0653 |
0.80–1.30 | 56/564 | 10.1 (7.6–12.6) | ||
>1.30 | 35/564 | 6.3 (4.2–8.3) | ||
Creatinine, µmol/L | <70 | 31/606 | 5.2 (3.4–7.0) | <0.0001 |
70–85 | 35/550 | 6.5 (4.4–8.5) | ||
>85 | 78/557 | 14.2 (11.2–17.1) | ||
NT-proBNP, ng/L | <200 | 18/511 | 3.6 (1.9–5.2) | <0.0001 |
200–1000 | 36/514 | 7.1 (4.8–9.3) | ||
>1000 | 80/493 | 16.5 (13.1–19.7) | ||
SBP, mmHg | <120 | 47/561 | 8.4 (6.1–10.7) | 0.5490 |
120–140 | 60/649 | 9.4 (7.1–11.6) | ||
>140 | 37/503 | 7.5 (5.2–9.8) | ||
DBP, mmHg | <70 | 59/602 | 9.9 (7.5–12.3) | 0.2120 |
70–80 | 49/565 | 8.8 (6.4–11.1) | ||
>80 | 36/529 | 6.9 (4.7–9.0) | ||
eGFR <60 mL/min | no | 101/1595 | 6.9 (5.6–8.1) | <0.0001 |
yes | 43/257 | 20.3 (14.7–25.6) |
Predictors | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) ** | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-ApoA-I IgGs OD | ||||
≤0.45, Q1 | Reference group | 0.0338 * | Reference group | 0.0496 * |
0.46–0.65, Q2 | 0.85 (0.50–1.46) | 0.5625 | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.4682 |
0.66–0.95, Q3 | 1.64 (1.04–2.57) | 0.0322 | 1.56 (0.99–2.44) | 0.0558 |
>0.95, Q4 | 1.30 (0.82–2.08) | 0.2657 | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) | 0.3808 |
GRACE score 2.0 | ||||
≤99 | Reference group | <0.0001 * | Reference group | <0.0001 * |
100–119 | 1.96 (0.92–4.20) | 0.0931 | 1.99 (0.93–4.26) | 0.0772 |
120–139 | 2.27 (1.07–4.79) | 0.0321 | 2.25 (1.07–4.76) | 0.0332 |
140–159 | 4.44 (2.14–9.19) | <0.0001 | 4.44 (2.14–9.20) | <0.0001 |
≥160 | 9.44 (4.61–19.35) | <0.0001 | 9.36 (4.57–19.18) | <0.0001 |
Anti-apoA-I IgG Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients | ≤0.45 Q1 | >0.45 and ≤0.65 Q2 | >0.65 and ≤0.95 Q3 | >0.95 Q4 | P * | |
Age, years | ||||||
median (IQR) | 64 (54–74) | 63 (53–74) | 63 (54–74) | 64 (54–72) | 65 (55–75) | 0.1787 |
26–54 y | 450 (26.3%) | 122 (27.6%) | 111 (28.0%) | 109 (25.6%) | 108 (24.0%) | |
55–64 y | 443 (25.9%) | 121 (27.4%) | 102 (25.8%) | 114 (26.8%) | 106 (23.6%) | |
65–74 y | 418 (24.4%) | 99 (22.4%) | 92 (23.2%) | 110 (25.9%) | 117 (26.0%) | |
≥75 y | 402 (23.5%) | 100 (22.6%) | 91 (23.0%) | 92 (21.6%) | 119 (26.4%) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
median (IQR) | 26.5 (24.2–29.4) | 26.2 (24.2–29.3) | 26.4 (24.2–29.3) | 26.8 (24.3–29.7) | 26.6 (24.2–29.4) | 0.6434 |
20–24.9 | 554 (32.8%) | 154 (35.2%) | 128 (32.4%) | 134 (32.2%) | 138 (31.3%) | |
25–29.9 | 767 (45.4%) | 189 (43.2%) | 187 (47.3%) | 182 (43.8%) | 209 (47.4%) | |
30–34.9 | 283 (16.7%) | 75 (17.1%) | 62 (15.7%) | 73 (17.5%) | 73 (16.6%) | |
≥35 | 86 (5.1%) | 20 (4.6%) | 18 (4.6%) | 27 (6.5%) | 21 (4.8%) | |
missing data | 23 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 9 | |
Female, n (%) | 363/1713 (21.2%) | 102/442 (23.1%) | 87/396 (22.0%) | 93/425 (21.9%) | 81/450 (18.0%) | 0.2669 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 690/1680 (41.1%) | 174/436 (39.9%) | 147/390 (37.7%) | 183/419 (43.7%) | 186/435 (42.8%) | 0.2875 |
Diabetes history, n (%) | 310/1713 (18.1%) | 97/442 (21.9%) | 66/396 (16.7%) | 83/425 (19.5%) | 64/450 (14.2%) | 0.0177 |
Hypertension history, n (%) | 720/1713 (42.0%) | 248/442 (56.1%) | 234/396 (59.1%) | 247/425 (58.1%) | 264/450 (58.7%) | 0.8191 |
MI history, n (%) | 246/1713 (14.4) | 53/442 (12.0%) | 52/396 (13.1%) | 73/425 (17.2%) | 68/450 (15.1%) | 0.1416 |
Cholesterolemia history, n (%) | 1031/1711 (60.3%) | 276/441 (62.6%) | 247/395 (62.5%) | 257/425 (60.5%) | 251/450 (55.8%) | 0.1311 |
Valvular history, n (%) | 33/1713 (1.9%) | 4/442 (0.9%) | 6/396 (1.5%) | 8/425 (1.9%) | 15/450 (3.3%) | 0.0572 |
GRACE score | ||||||
median (IQR) | 123 (106–142) | 123 (106–142) | 123 (106–140) | 123 (104–144) | 123 (106–143) | 0.7916 |
≤99 | 318 (18.6%) | 83 (18.8%) | 74 (18.7%) | 84 (19.8%) | 77 (17.1%) | |
100–119 | 453 (26.4%) | 121 (27.4%) | 110 (27.8%) | 100 (23.5%) | 122 (27.1%) | |
120–139 | 456 (26.6%) | 115 (26.0%) | 103 (26.0%) | 115 (27.1%) | 123 (27.3%) | |
140–159 | 303 (17.7%) | 84 (19.0%) | 65 (16.4%) | 76 (17.9%) | 78 (17.3%) | |
≥160 | 183 (10.7%) | 39 (8.8%) | 44 (11.1%) | 50 (11.8%) | 50 (11.1%) | |
CRP, mg/L | ||||||
median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.2–8.0) | 2.60 (1.10–7.70) | 2.70 (1.00–6.40) | 3.30 (1.40–8.25) | 3.10 (1.30–9.20) | 0.1704 |
0–0.99 | 299 (19.8%) | 77 (20.2%) | 80 (22.7%) | 63 (16.6%) | 79 (19.9%) | |
1–1.99 | 280 (18.5%) | 76 (19.9%) | 67 (19.0%) | 71 (18.7%) | 66 (16.6%) | |
2–9.99 | 614 (40.7%) | 149 (39.1%) | 141 (39.9%) | 166 (43.8%) | 158 (39.8%) | |
≥10 | 317 (21.0%) | 79 (20.7%) | 65 (18.4%) | 79 (20.8%) | 94 (23.7%) | |
missing data | 203 | 61 | 43 | 46 | 53 | |
Hs-cTnT, ng/L | ||||||
median (IQR) | 0.22 (0.07–0.75) | 0.20 (0.06–0.67) | 0.21 (0.06–0.66) | 0.24 (0.07–0.87) | 0.26 (0.07–0.83) | 0.1947 |
0–0.14 | 647 (42.6%) | 172 (45.0%) | 155 (43.7%) | 158 (41.1%) | 162 (40.7%) | |
0.15–0.52 | 379 (25.0%) | 98 (25.7%) | 86 (24.2%) | 93 (24.2%) | 102 (25.6%) | |
>0.52 | 493 (32.5%) | 112 (29.3%) | 114 (32.1%) | 133 (34.6%) | 134 (33.7%) | |
missing data | 194 | 60 | 41 | 41 | 52 | |
TMAO | ||||||
median (IQR) | 2.93 (1.99–4.97) | 2.85 (1.89–4.97) | 2.96 (2.01–4.98) | 2.93 (2.00–4.46) | 3.05 (2.07–5.43) | 0.4744 |
<2 | 340 (25.1%) | 98 (28.3%) | 74 (23.9%) | 83 (25.1%) | 85 (23.2%) | |
2–2.99 | 350 (25.9%) | 87 (25.1%) | 84 (27.2%) | 86 (26.0%) | 93 (25.3%) | |
3–3.99 | 206 (15.2%) | 42 (12.1%) | 51 (16.5%) | 60 (18.1%) | 53 (14.4%) | |
4–6.99 | 257 (19.0%) | 66 (19.1%) | 50 (16.2%) | 63 (19.0%) | 78 (21.3%) | |
≥7 | 200 (14.8%) | 53 (15.3%) | 50 (16.2%) | 39 (11.8%) | 58 (15.8%) | |
missing data | 360 | 96 | 87 | 94 | 83 |
Anti-apoA-I IgG Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients | ≤0.45 Q1 | >0.45 and ≤0.65 Q2 | >0.65 and ≤0.95 Q3 | >0.95 Q4 | P * | |
SBP, mmHg | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 129 (114–145) | 129 (115–145) | 129 (115–144) | 128 (112–145) | 130 (114–146) | 0.9714 |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
DBP, mmHg | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 75 (65–84) | 75 (66–84) | 75 (65–84) | 73 (65–84) | 74 (63–84) | 0.6476 |
Missing data | 17 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 4 | |
Hemoglobin, g/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 138 (127–149) | 137 (124–149) | 138 (126–148) | 139 (129–148) | 139 (128–150) | 0.3715 |
Missing data | 87 | 30 | 19 | 19 | 19 | |
Hematocrit, % | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 41 (38–43.3) | 41 (37–43) | 40 (37–43) | 41 (38–44) | 41 (38–44) | 0.2161 |
Missing data | 76 | 26 | 14 | 18 | 18 | |
Leucocytes, G/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 9.6 (7.4–12.1) | 9.5 (7.3–12.0) | 9.2 (7.1–12.0) | 9.8 (7.9–12.1) | 9.8 (7.6–12.3) | 0.0340 |
Missing data | 73 | 25 | 14 | 17 | 17 | |
Erythrocytes, T/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.1–4.8) | 4.5 (4.1–4.9) | 4.4 (4.1–4.8) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 4.5 (4.1–4.8) | 0.3240 |
Missing data | 84 | 28 | 17 | 19 | 20 | |
Lymphocytes, % | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 1.62 (1.16–2.35) | 1.67 (1.20–2.55) | 1.54 (1.09–2.31) | 1.69 (1.19–2.34) | 1.58 (1.11–2.22) | 0.0526 |
Missing data | 395 | 118 | 95 | 87 | 95 | |
Neutrophils, G/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 7.3 (5.3 to 10.0) | 7.0 (5.0 to 9.7) | 7.2 (4.7 to 10.1) | 7.4 (5.5 to 9.9) | 7.6 (5.5 to 10.1) | 0.1500 |
Missing data | 412 | 122 | 97 | 93 | 100 | |
Monocytes, % | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 0.62 (0.45 to 0.95) | 0.63 (0.45 to 1.05) | 0.56 (0.41 to 0.92) | 0.64 (0.48 to 0.99) | 0.61 (0.45 to 0.90) | 0.1220 |
Missing data | 398 | 118 | 96 | 88 | 96 | |
Basophils, % | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) | 0.03 (0.02–0.08) | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 0.7491 |
Missing data | 399 | 118 | 95 | 88 | 98 | |
Eosinophils, % | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 0.08 (0.02–0.19) | 0.10 (0.03–0.21) | 0.08 80.03–0.20) | 0.07 (0.02–0.17) | 0.07 (0.02–0.16) | 0.0237 |
Missing data | 401 | 119 | 96 | 88 | 98 | |
Thromboctyes, G/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 215 (183–257) | 226 (188–272) | 211 (179–250) | 218 (185–253) | 208 (176–255) | 0.0026 |
Missing data | 85 | 27 | 15 | 21 | 22 | |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) | 4.9 (4.0–5.8) | 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 4.7 (4.0–5.6) | 0.1602 |
Missing data | 49 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 12 | |
HDL, mmol/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 1.13 (0.69–1.60) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 1.14 (0.96–1.40) | 1.13 (0.94–1.40) | 1.10 (0.93–1.33) | 0.2852 |
Missing data | 65 | 20 | 15 | 14 | 16 | |
LDL, mmol/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 308 (2.34–3.84) | 3.07 (2.32–3.94) | 3.13 (2.40–3.82) | 3.08 (2.37–3.81) | 2.99 (2.26–3.81) | 0.7418 |
Missing data | 68 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 16 | |
Triglyceride | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 1.02 (0.69–1.60) | 1.08 (0.72–1.70) | 1.05 (0.69–1.68) | 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | 0.99 (0.69–1.48) | 0.2165 |
Missing data | 58 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 13 | |
Creatinine, µmol/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 76 (65–91) | 75 (64–88) | 76 (66–91) | 76 (65–92) | 77 (66–92) | 0.3484 |
Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
NT-ProBNP, ng/L | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 414 (131–1436) | 386 (118–1462) | 355 (129–1196) | 433 (132–1627) | 544 (159–1633) | 0.0390 |
Missing data | 195 | 60 | 41 | 42 | 52 | |
eGFR, mL/min | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 90.9 (73.5–108.8) | 92.1 (75.8–110.9) | 91.0 (73.5–107.2) | 89.8 (73.5–108.3) | 90.7 (70.5–108.6) | 0.4791 |
Missing data | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Renal failure (eGFR <60), n (%) | 214/1708 | 47/441 | 53/395 | 56/423 | 58/449 | 0.5828 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Vuilleumier, N.; Pagano, S.; Combescure, C.; Gencer, B.; Virzi, J.; Räber, L.; Carballo, D.; Carballo, S.; Nanchen, D.; Rodondi, N.; et al. Non-Linear Relationship between Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071002
Vuilleumier N, Pagano S, Combescure C, Gencer B, Virzi J, Räber L, Carballo D, Carballo S, Nanchen D, Rodondi N, et al. Non-Linear Relationship between Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(7):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071002
Chicago/Turabian StyleVuilleumier, Nicolas, Sabrina Pagano, Christophe Combescure, Baris Gencer, Julien Virzi, Lorenz Räber, David Carballo, Sebastian Carballo, David Nanchen, Nicolas Rodondi, and et al. 2019. "Non-Linear Relationship between Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 7: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071002