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Review

Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues

by
Estefania Burgos-Morón
1,
Zaida Abad-Jiménez
1,
Aranzazu Martínez de Marañón
1,
Francesca Iannantuoni
1,
Irene Escribano-López
1,
Sandra López-Domènech
1,
Christian Salom
1,
Ana Jover
1,
Vicente Mora
2,
Ildefonso Roldan
2,
Eva Solá
1,
Milagros Rocha
1,3 and
Víctor M. Víctor
1,3,4,*
1
Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset—Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain
2
Service of Cardiology, University Hospital Doctor Peset—Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain
3
CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
4
Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, 46010 Valencia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385
Submission received: 19 July 2019 / Revised: 29 August 2019 / Accepted: 2 September 2019 / Published: 4 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis)
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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in which oxidative stress is thought to be a primary cause. Considering that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, we have set out to provide a general overview on how oxidative stress is generated and related to T2D. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress occurs in mitochondria as a consequence of an overload of glucose and oxidative phosphorylation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in oxidative stress, as it is also a source of ROS. The tight interconnection between both organelles through mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs) means that the ROS generated in mitochondria promote ER stress. Therefore, a state of stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are consequences of this vicious cycle. The implication of mitochondria in insulin release and the exposure of pancreatic β-cells to hyperglycemia make them especially susceptible to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In fact, crosstalk between both mechanisms is related with alterations in glucose homeostasis and can lead to the diabetes-associated insulin-resistance status. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge of the relationship between oxidative stress, mitochondria, ER stress, inflammation, and lipotoxicity in T2D.
Keywords: antioxidants; ER stress; insulin resistance; mitochondria; oxidative stress; ROS; type 2 diabetes antioxidants; ER stress; insulin resistance; mitochondria; oxidative stress; ROS; type 2 diabetes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Burgos-Morón, E.; Abad-Jiménez, Z.; Martínez de Marañón, A.; Iannantuoni, F.; Escribano-López, I.; López-Domènech, S.; Salom, C.; Jover, A.; Mora, V.; Roldan, I.; et al. Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385

AMA Style

Burgos-Morón E, Abad-Jiménez Z, Martínez de Marañón A, Iannantuoni F, Escribano-López I, López-Domènech S, Salom C, Jover A, Mora V, Roldan I, et al. Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(9):1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385

Chicago/Turabian Style

Burgos-Morón, Estefania, Zaida Abad-Jiménez, Aranzazu Martínez de Marañón, Francesca Iannantuoni, Irene Escribano-López, Sandra López-Domènech, Christian Salom, Ana Jover, Vicente Mora, Ildefonso Roldan, and et al. 2019. "Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9: 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385

APA Style

Burgos-Morón, E., Abad-Jiménez, Z., Martínez de Marañón, A., Iannantuoni, F., Escribano-López, I., López-Domènech, S., Salom, C., Jover, A., Mora, V., Roldan, I., Solá, E., Rocha, M., & Víctor, V. M. (2019). Relationship between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(9), 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385

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