Proteinuria Is Associated with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Non-Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters
2.3. Measurements of CIMT
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Variables Correlated with Significantly Increased CIMT
3.3. OR for Significantly Increased CIMT with Proteinuria
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic (unit) | NP (n = 1865) | NAP (n = 182) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.7 ± 10.7 | 64.4 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 1049 (56.2%) | 98 (53.8%) | 0.533 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 24.4 ± 3.3 | 0.002 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.8 ± 12.0 | 122.3 ± 13.8 | 0.189 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.2 ± 10.3 | 71.6 ± 10.7 | 0.009 |
History of HTN, n (%) | 952 (51.0%) | 100 (54.9%) | 0.369 |
History of CVD, n (%) | 740 (39.7%) | 86 (47.3%) | 0.047 |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 333 (17.9%) | 41 (22.5%) | 0.119 |
Other cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 554 (29.7%) | 63 (34.6%) | 0.168 |
Smoking history (non/ex-/current), n * | 317/159/122 | 35/8/8 | 0.090 |
Drinking history (no/yes), n * | 284/297 | 37/12 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 133.3 ± 38.3 | 142.8 ± 47.6 | 0.009 |
AST (IU/L) | 23.6 ± 11.5 | 23.8 ± 16.6 | 0.882 |
ALT (IU/L) | 25.2 ± 16.1 | 25.9 ± 21.9 | 0.649 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.044 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.6 ± 4.6 | 17.2 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.065 |
eGFR (MDRD, mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.3 ± 22.6 | 89.7 ± 27.7 | 0.093 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159.8 ± 33.7 | 154.5 ± 32.3 | 0.043 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 130.1 ± 64.2 | 137.1 ± 72.7 | 0.165 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.8 ± 11.2 | 46.0 ± 11.9 | 0.038 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 86.3 ± 30.1 | 80.2 ± 29.5 | 0.009 |
Urine PCR (mg/g creatinine) | 87.6 ± 25.5 | 205.6 ± 72.5 | <0.001 |
Mean CIMT (mm) | 0.70 ± 0.14 | 0.73 ± 0.16 | 0.016 |
Mean of maximum CIMT (mm) | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.21 | 0.008 |
Presence of carotid plaques, n (%) | 1259 (67.5%) | 136 (74.7%) | 0.046 |
Usage of antiplatelet agent, n (%) | 672 (36.0%) | 75 (41.2%) | 0.166 |
Usage of lipid lowering agent, n (%) | 940 (50.4%) | 88 (48.4%) | 0.597 |
Characteristic (unit) | All Patients (N = 2047) | |
---|---|---|
r | p Value | |
Age (years) | 0.525 | <0.001 |
Sex (Female vs. male) | −0.111 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.027 | 0.342 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.024 | 0.372 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.193 | <0.001 |
History of CVD | 0.224 | <0.001 |
Smoking history | −0.006 | 0.870 |
Drinking history | 0.047 | 0.243 |
Urine PCR (mg/g creatinine) | 0.074 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | −0.043 | 0.051 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.011 | 0.633 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.157 | <0.001 |
eGFR (MDRD, mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.149 | 0.041 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.098 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | −0.046 | 0.037 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.102 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.040 | 0.067 |
Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | |||
Presence of proteinuria | 3.800 | 1.981–7.289 | <0.001 |
Model 1 | |||
Age (years) | 1.099 | 1.062–1.138 | <0.001 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 0.584 | 0.322–1.059 | 0.077 |
Presence of proteinuria | 2.765 | 1.413–5.411 | 0.003 |
Model 2 | |||
Age (years) | 1.100 | 1.063–1.139 | <0.001 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 0.608 | 0.333–1.110 | 0.105 |
HbA1c (%) | 1.249 | 1.039–1.501 | 0.018 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.994 | 0.985–1.004 | 0.236 |
Presence of proteinuria | 2.395 | 1.206–4.754 | 0.013 |
Model 3 | |||
Age (years) | 1.107 | 1.062–1.153 | <0.001 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 0.677 | 0.333–1.378 | 0.282 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.974 | 0.942–1.008 | 0.134 |
History of CVD | 1.056 | 0.511–2.183 | 0.882 |
HbA1c (%) | 1.285 | 0.999–1.653 | 0.051 |
eGFR (MDRD, mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.001 | 0.987–1.015 | 0.872 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.993 | 0.981–1.004 | 0.209 |
Usage of lipid lowering agent | 0.835 | 0.405–1.721 | 0.625 |
Presence of proteinuria | 2.881 | 1.329–6.244 | 0.007 |
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Bae, J.; Lee, Y.-h.; Kang, E.S.; Cha, B.-S.; Lee, B.-W. Proteinuria Is Associated with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Non-Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010136
Bae J, Lee Y-h, Kang ES, Cha B-S, Lee B-W. Proteinuria Is Associated with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Non-Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(1):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010136
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Jaehyun, Yong-ho Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, and Byung-Wan Lee. 2020. "Proteinuria Is Associated with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Non-Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1: 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010136