The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Peripheral Mechanism Linking the Skin Microbiota and Itch
2.1. The Skin Microbiota, The Skin Barrier, and Itch
2.2. The Skin Microbiota, The Immune System, and Itch
2.3. The Skin Microbiota, The Sensory Nerve, and Itch
3. The Central Mechanism Linking the Skin Microbiota and Itch
3.1. Microbial Endocrinology
3.2. Stress, The Skin Microbiota, and Itch
3.3. The Skin Microbiota, The Amygdala, and Itch
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
Term | Definition |
16S rRNA gene sequencing | Genomic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA phylotypes from DNA that is extracted directly from bacterial communities in clinical or environmental samples, a process that circumvents culturing [29]. |
Skin microbiota | Total of microbes in/on our skin [168]. |
Microbiota | The group of microbes found in/on a specific environment or living host [169]. |
Microbial diversity | Degree of variability of the microbiota. α-diversity describes within-sample variability, while β-diversity signifies variability between samples [169]. |
Dysbiosis | Microbial imbalance or maladaptation [168]. |
Prebiotics | Nutrients that stimulate beneficial skin microorganisms [170]. |
Probiotics | Live microorganisms that have a favorable impact on host health when given in proper amounts [169]. |
Antibiotics | Antibiotics block the growth of or destroy bacteria and other microbes [168]. |
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Bacteria | Interactions with TLRs |
---|---|
S. epidermidis | Adjusts TLR3-dependent inflammation by introducing a TLR2-mediated crosstalk to subdue inflammation [52]. Elicits keratinocytes to display AMPs through a TLR2-dependent mechanism [50]. |
S. aureus | Induction of hBD3 gene expression is TLR2-dependent [53]. Lipoteichoic acid and bacterial lipoproteins act as TLR2/2 or TLR2/6 agonists [54,55]. |
P. acnes | Colonizes sebaceous glands and stimulates KCs to release inflammatory cytokines via TLR2 activation [56]. |
Bacteria | Effects of Stress Mediators |
---|---|
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Glucocorticoids decrease the effects of super antigen activated T cells and inhibit staphylococcal exotoxin-induced T cell proliferation, cytokine secretion [137]. Catecholamines induce biofilm growth [130]. |
Propionibacterium acnes | Cortisol and steroids significantly exacerbate inflammation associated with P. acnes via TLR2 stimulation [138,139]. |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Norepinephrine increases expression of the attachment factor PA-1 of P. aeruginosa and increase biofilm formation [135,138]. |
Staphylococcus aureus | Acetylcholine augments susceptibility to infection by S. aureus [124]. Norepinephrine increases S. aureus’ ability to remove iron from host and therefore facilitates the bacteria to form biofilms [138,140]. |
Group A Streptococcus | Cortisol alters vulnerability to Group A Streptococcus pyogenes skin infection [141]. Acetylcholine augments susceptibility to infection by Group A Streptococcus [124]. Catecholamines raise Staphylococcal growth by 5-log orders [130,131,132]. Catecholamines enhance Group A Streptococcus growth likely by increasing iron availability [138,142]. |
Candida | Estrogen enhances Candida infectivity, switching yeast form to an invasive hyphae [143]. |
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Kim, H.S.; Yosipovitch, G. The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link? J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041190
Kim HS, Yosipovitch G. The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041190
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hei Sung, and Gil Yosipovitch. 2020. "The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041190
APA StyleKim, H. S., & Yosipovitch, G. (2020). The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041190