Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Triplet Pregnancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Population and Study Design
2.2. Parameters Analyzed
2.3. Standard GDM Management
2.4. Meta-Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Retrospective Cohort Study
3.2. Meta-Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data and Material
References
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Triplet Pregnancies (n = 60) | Singleton Pregnancies (n = 60) | OR (95% CI) | p (LR Test) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 32 (27;35) | 32 (27;35) | 1.000 (0.934;1.071) | 1.000 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 (22.3;26.3) | 23.7 (22.4;26.5) | 0.999 (0.904;1.104) | 0.984 | |
Parity | 0 | 44 (73.3) | 25 (41.7) | 0.002 | |
1 | 12 (20.0) | 30 (50.0) | 0.227 (0.099;0.521) | ||
≥2 | 4 (6.7) | 5 (8.3) | 0.455 (0.112;1.850) | ||
Pregnancy after IVF or ovarian stimulation | 43 (71.7) | 7 (11.7) | 19.151 (7.276;50.407) | <0.001 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | 8 (13.3) | 11 (18.3) | 0.685 (0.254;1.846) | 0.455 | |
GDM (abnormal oGTT) | 19 (31.7) | 7 (11.7) | 3.509 (1.347;9.142) | 0.010 | |
75 g oGTT: fasting glucose level (mmol/L) | 4.66 (4.38;5.05) | 4.55 (3.94;4.83) | 1.136 (1.044;1.237) | 0.003 | |
75 g oGTT: 1-h glucose level (mmol/L) | 8.71 (7.44;9.82) | 6.87 (5.61;8.67) | 1.075 (1.034;1.118) | <0.001 | |
75 g oGTT: 2-h glucose level (mmol/L) | 6.67 (5.61;8.05) | 5.49 (4.32;6.67) | 1.049 (1.022;1.077) | <0.001 |
Abnormal oGTT (n = 19) | Normal oGTT (n = 41) | OR (95% CI) | p (LR test) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 32 (28;36) | 32 (27;35) | 0.988 (0.900;1.086) | 0.805 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (22.7;27.3) | 23.7 (22.3;26.1) | 1.033 (0.885;1.206) | 0.677 | |
Parity | 0 | 15 (78.9) | 29 (70.7) | ||
1 | 4 (21.1) | 8 (19.51) | |||
2 | 0 | 4 | |||
Pregnancy after IVF | 13 (68.4) | 25 (61.0) | 1.950 (0.536;7.088) | 0.306 | |
Pregnancy after ovarian stimulation | 1 (3.1) | 4 (10.0) | 0.563 (0.058;5.440) | 0.615 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | 5 (23.8) | 3 (7.3) | 4.524 (0.953;21.464) | 0.057 | |
Pregnancy induced/preexisting hypertension | 1 (5.3) | 4 (9.8) | 0.558 | ||
Gestational age at delivery (completed weeks) | 33.0 (31.7;34.0) | 33.1 (31.4;34.0) | 1.014 (0.978;1.051) | 0.457 | |
Median birthweight (g) | 1691 (1517;1893) | 1673 (1299;1933) | 1.001 (0.999;1.002) | 0.43 | |
Median birth weight (percentile) | 33.8 (14.4;62.2) | 43.1 (24.5;69.2) | 0.990 (0.978;1.002) | 0.098 | |
75 g oGTT: fasting glucose level (mmol/L) | 5.16 (4.66;5.66) | 4.55 (4.27;4.72) | 1.136 (1.044;1.237) | 0.003 | |
75 g oGTT: 1-h glucose level (mmol/L) | 10.55 (9.66;11.60) | 7.88 (7.10;8.82) | 1.075 (1.034;1.118) | <0.001 | |
75 g oGTT: 2-h glucose level (mmol/L) | 8.56 (6.55;10.27) | 6.16 (5.44;7.16) | 1.049 (1.022;1.077) | <0.001 |
First Author (Year) | Study Design | Number of Subjects | Country | GDM Definition | Selection of Cases | Mean/Median Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Mean/Median Maternal Age (Years) | Source of Data Specified | Risk of Bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fennessy (2015) [33] | Retrospective | 53 | Australia | 75 g, 2-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | 31.6–32.9 | Yes | Medium |
Hager (2020) | Retrospective | 60 | Austria | 75 g, 2-h oGTT | Representative | 23.5 | 32.0 | Yes | Lowest |
Lipitz (1993) [37] | Retrospective | 81 | Israel | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | 31.2 | No | Highest |
Malone (1998) [41] | Retrospective | 55 | USA | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | 32.0 | Yes | Medium |
Okyay (2014) [43] | Retrospective | 45 | Turkey | 50 g, 1-h oGTT, followed by a 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | 23.6–26.0 | 28.9–30.1 | No | Medium |
Revello (2013) [48] | Retrospective | 147 | Spain | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | 34.0 | Yes | Medium |
Seoud (1991) [52] | Retrospective | 13 | USA | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | IVF only | Not reported | 32.2 | Yes | Highest |
Simoes (2016) [53] | Retrospective | 90 | Israel | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | 23.6–23.9 | 32.1–33.1 | Yes | Lowest |
Sivan (2002) [9] | Retrospective | 103 | Israel | 1-h glucose challenge test, followed by a 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | 23.9 | 29.2 | No | Medium |
Skrablin (2002) [55] | Retrospective | e85 | Croatia | 75 g, 2-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | Not reported | No | Highest |
Weissman (2016) [59] | Retrospective | 39 | Israel | 100 g, 3-h oGTT | Representative | Not reported | 30.9 | Yes | Medium |
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Hager, M.; Ott, J.; Castillo, D.M.; Springer, S.; Seemann, R.; Pils, S. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Triplet Pregnancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051523
Hager M, Ott J, Castillo DM, Springer S, Seemann R, Pils S. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Triplet Pregnancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(5):1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051523
Chicago/Turabian StyleHager, Marlene, Johannes Ott, Deirdre Maria Castillo, Stephanie Springer, Rudolf Seemann, and Sophie Pils. 2020. "Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Triplet Pregnancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051523