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Article

Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency

by
Rosalind M. Tucker
1,2,
Suzanne Ryan
3,
Bu’ Hussain Hayee
4,
Ingvar Bjarnason
4,
Aisha D. Augustin
1,2,
Chianna Umamahesan
1,2,
David Taylor
1,2,
Clive Weller
1,
Sylvia M Dobbs
1,2,4,*,
R John Dobbs
1,2,4,* and
André Charlett
1,5
1
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
2
The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK
3
Imaging, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
4
Gastroenterology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
5
Statistics, Modelling and Economics, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(6), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061916
Submission received: 29 May 2020 / Revised: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 / Published: 19 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatments and Clinical Features)
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Abstract

Depression is associated with constipation within and outside Parkinson’s disease (PD). Since inefficient cognitive-processing (bradyphrenia) features in PD and an enterokinetic agent improved cognitive performance in healthy individuals, bradyphrenia may be associated with constipation. We aim to define the archetypical bowel function of PD, and its association with cognition, mood, and motor features within and outside PD. We assessed colonic transit time (oral radio-opaque markers over 6 days), bowel function and psychometric questionnaires and measures of PD facets, including bradyphrenia, in 58 participants with diagnosed PD, and 71 without (controls). The best abdominal X-ray (day 7) predictors of PD status were total retained marker count and transverse colon segmental delay. However, Rome functional constipation status complemented segmental delay better, giving good specificity (85%) but low sensitivity (56%). Transverse colon marker count appeared to be age-associated only in PD. In PD, those correctly classified by bowel dysfunction had higher depression scores (p = 0.02) and longer cognitive-processing times than the misclassified (p = 0.05). Controls misclassified as PD by bowel dysfunction had higher depression and anxiety scores than the correctly classified (p = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively), but not slower cognitive processing. Measures of motor features were independent of sub-classification by bowel function in PD and in controls. In conclusion, constipation in PD has distinct localized pathophysiology, and is associated with bradyphrenia.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; colonic transit-time; functional constipation; cognitive-processing time; anxiety; depression Parkinson’s disease; colonic transit-time; functional constipation; cognitive-processing time; anxiety; depression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tucker, R.M.; Ryan, S.; Hayee, B.H.; Bjarnason, I.; Augustin, A.D.; Umamahesan, C.; Taylor, D.; Weller, C.; Dobbs, S.M.; Dobbs, R.J.; et al. Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061916

AMA Style

Tucker RM, Ryan S, Hayee BH, Bjarnason I, Augustin AD, Umamahesan C, Taylor D, Weller C, Dobbs SM, Dobbs RJ, et al. Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(6):1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061916

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tucker, Rosalind M., Suzanne Ryan, Bu’ Hussain Hayee, Ingvar Bjarnason, Aisha D. Augustin, Chianna Umamahesan, David Taylor, Clive Weller, Sylvia M Dobbs, R John Dobbs, and et al. 2020. "Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6: 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061916

APA Style

Tucker, R. M., Ryan, S., Hayee, B. H., Bjarnason, I., Augustin, A. D., Umamahesan, C., Taylor, D., Weller, C., Dobbs, S. M., Dobbs, R. J., & Charlett, A. (2020). Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061916

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