Association between Hyperacusis and Tinnitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Design and Ethics
2.2. Association Study
2.3. Tinnitus Phenotyping Study
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Association Study
3.2. Tinnitus Phenotyping Study
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No Tinnitus | Participants with Tinnitus | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Any Tinnitus | Self-Reported Severe Tinnitus | Severe Tinnitus (THI ≥ 58) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 1661 (100.0) | 1984 (100.0) | 239 (100.0) | 157 (100.0) |
Sex b | ||||
Men | 563 (33.9) | 947 (47.8) | 112 (47.1) | 71 (45.5) |
Women | 1098 (66.1) | 1034 (52.2) | 126 (52.9) | 85 (54.5) |
Age group (years) b | ||||
<35 | 330 (19.9) | 362 (18.3) | 43 (18.0) | 37 (23.6) |
35–44 | 478 (28.8) | 437 (22.1) | 43 (18.0) | 26 (16.6) |
45–54 | 459 (27.7) | 530 (26.8) | 57 (23.9) | 36 (22.9) |
55–64 | 197 (11.9) | 306 (15.5) | 53 (22.2) | 32 (20.4) |
65–74 | 160 (9.6) | 274 (13.8) | 30 (12.6) | 20 (12.7) |
≥75 | 35 (2.1) | 72 (3.6) | 13 (5.4) | 6 (3.8) |
Level of education | ||||
Low | 292 (17.6) | 545 (27.5) | 99 (41.4) | 73 (46.5) |
High | 1369 (82.4) | 1439 (72.5) | 140 (58.6) | 84 (53.5) |
Hearing ability b | ||||
No difficulty | 820 (50.1) | 362 (18.6) | 21 (8.8) | 9 (5.8) |
Moderate difficulty | 761 (46.5) | 1233 (63.4) | 117 (49.2) | 74 (47.4) |
Severe difficulty | 55 (3.4) | 350 (18.0) | 100 (42.0) | 73 (46.8) |
Any Tinnitus | Severe Tinnitus (Self-Reported) | Severe Tinnitus (THI ≥ 58) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Men | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Women | 0.55 (0.48–0.64) | 0.54 (0.39–0.75) | 0.59 (0.40–0.88) |
Age group (years) | |||
<35 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
35–44 | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.51 (0.30–0.84) | 0.30 (0.16–0.56) |
45–54 | 0.84 (0.67–1.04) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.41 (0.23–0.72) |
55–64 | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.50 (0.26–0.95) |
65–74 | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 0.65 (0.36–1.18) | 0.46 (0.23–0.93) |
≥75 | 0.98 (0.61–1.58) | 0.69 (0.28–1.68) | 0.24 (0.08–0.79) |
p for trend | 0.153 | 0.064 | |
Level of education | |||
Low | Reference | Reference | Reference |
High | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | 0.33 (0.23–0.47) | 0.24 (0.16–0.37) |
Hearing ability | |||
No difficulty | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Moderate difficulty | 3.51 (3.00–4.11) | 5.83 (3.59–9.45) | 8.76 (4.31–17.8) |
Severe difficulty | 13.5 (9.81–18.5) | 69.4 (39.2–122.8) | 137.6 (62.8–301.2) |
No Tinnitus | Any Tinnitus | Severe Tinnitus (Self-Reported) | Severe Tinnitus (THI ≥ 58) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | OR(95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
Both sexes | |||||||
Total | 1661 (100.0) | 1984 (100.0) | - | 239 (100.0) | - | 157 (100.0) | - |
Hyperacusis | |||||||
No | 1255 (75.6) | 822 (41.4) | Reference | 51 (21.3) | Reference | 21 (13.4) | Reference |
Yes | 406 (24.4) | 1162 (58.6) | 3.51 (2.99–4.13) | 188 (78.7) | 7.43 (5.06–10.9) | 136 (86.6) | 12.1 (7.06–20.6) |
Moderate | 387 (23.3) | 970 (48.9) | 3.24 (2.75–3.82) | 105 (43.9) | 5.18 (3.47–7.73) | 71 (45.2) | 8.15 (4.68–14.2) |
Severe | 19 (1.1) | 192 (9.7) | 9.54 (5.75–15.8) | 83 (34.7) | 48.0 (24.7–93.3) | 65 (41.4) | 77.4 (35.0–171.3) |
Males | |||||||
Total | 563 (100.0) | 947 (100.0) | - | 112 (100.0) | - | 71 (100.0) | - |
Hyperacusis | |||||||
No | 463 (82.2) | 467 (49.3) | Reference | 31 (27.7) | Reference | 13 (18.3) | Reference |
Yes | 100 (17.8) | 480 (50.7) | 3.34 (2.54–4.39) | 81 (72.3) | 6.88 (4.03–11.7) | 58 (81.7) | 10.6 (5.15–22.0) |
Moderate | 99 (17.6) | 412 (43.5) | 3.03 (2–30–3.99) | 44 (39.3) | 4.23 (2.38–7.51) | 34 (47.9) | 7.26 (3.40–15.5) |
Severe | 1 (0.2) | 68 (7.2) | 37.0 (5.03–271.4) | 37 (33.0) | 283.8 (35.1–>>) | 24 (33.8) | 346.0 (35.6–>>) |
Females | |||||||
Total | 1098 (100.0) | 1034 (100.0) | - | 126 (100.0) | - | 85 (100.0) | - |
Hyperacusis | |||||||
No | 792 (72.1) | 355 (34.3) | Reference | 20 (15.9) | Reference | 8 (9.4) | Reference |
Yes | 306 (27.9) | 679 (65.7) | 3.62 (2.95–4.42) | 106 (84.1) | 7.82 (4.44–13.8) | 77 (90.6) | 15.3 (6.49–35.8) |
Moderate | 288 (26.2) | 556 (53.8) | 3.37 (2.74–4.14) | 61 (48.4) | 5.88 (3.29–10.5) | 37 (43.5) | 9.79 (4.11–23.3) |
Severe | 18 (1.6) | 123 (11.9) | 7.69 (4.47–13.3) | 45 (35.7) | 31.6 (13.7–72.9) | 40 (47.1) | 71.1 (24.7–204.9) |
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Cederroth, C.R.; Lugo, A.; Edvall, N.K.; Lazar, A.; Lopez-Escamez, J.-A.; Bulla, J.; Uhlen, I.; Hoare, D.J.; Baguley, D.M.; Canlon, B.; et al. Association between Hyperacusis and Tinnitus. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082412
Cederroth CR, Lugo A, Edvall NK, Lazar A, Lopez-Escamez J-A, Bulla J, Uhlen I, Hoare DJ, Baguley DM, Canlon B, et al. Association between Hyperacusis and Tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082412
Chicago/Turabian StyleCederroth, Christopher R., Alessandra Lugo, Niklas K. Edvall, Andra Lazar, Jose-Antonio Lopez-Escamez, Jan Bulla, Inger Uhlen, Derek J. Hoare, David M. Baguley, Barbara Canlon, and et al. 2020. "Association between Hyperacusis and Tinnitus" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082412