Trends in the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Future Predictions in Korean Men, 1998–2035
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Lifestyle Characteristics
2.3. Measurement of Metabolic Variables
2.4. Definition of NAFLD
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Trends in the Prevalence of NAFLD and Associated Factors in Korean Men and Women
3.3. Future Predictions for the Prevalence of NAFLD and Associated Factors in Korean Men
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (n = 10,870) | I (n = 2209) | II (n = 902) | III (n = 630) | IV (n = 1904) | V (n = 1953) | VI (n = 1755) | VII (n = 1517) | p for Trend |
Mean (SE) | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 169.2 (0.2) | 169.3 (0.3) | 168.0 (0.3) | 168.5 (0.2) | 169.1 (0.2) | 169.3 (0.2) | 169.9 (0.2) | 0.007 |
Weight (kg) | 65.7 (0.3) | 66.9 (0.4) | 67.0 (0.5) | 67.5 (0.3) | 68.1 (0.3) | 69.0 (0.3) | 71.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (0.1) | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.7 (0.1) | 23.7 (0.1) | 23.8 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.9 (0.2) | 83.0 (0.3) | 83.3 (0.4) | 83.7 (0.3) | 83.4 (0.3) | 84.2 (0.3) | 86.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.1 (0.5) | 123.8 (0.7) | 122.5 (0.8) | 120.0 (0.5) | 121.1 (0.4) | 119.1 (0.4) | 119.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.9 (0.3) | 78.7 (0.4) | 79.5 (0.5) | 78.0 (0.3) | 77.6 (0.3) | 75.7 (0.3) | 76.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 100.4 (0.8) | 96.8 (0.7) | 95.5 (1.0) | 98.4 (0.6) | 99.2 (0.6) | 101.0 (0.6) | 102.2 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.3 (1.1) | 188.0 (1.5) | 182.9 (1.7) | 184.3 (1.0) | 187.7 (1.0) | 185.6 (1.0) | 190.4 (1.2) | 0.010 |
AST (IU/L) | 29.4 (0.5) | 22.8 (0.3) | 24.7 (0.4) | 23.2 (0.3) | 22.6 (0.3) | 23.0 (0.3) | 23.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 33.7 (0.9) | 23.7 (0.6) | 26.7 (0.8) | 25.8 (0.6) | 24.2 (0.4) | 25.3 (0.6) | 27.6 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2221.1 (32.1) | 2149.5 (37.7) | 2225.5 (45.6) | 2073.8 (28.8) | 2272.7 (29.0) | 2271.6 (31.5) | 2152.2 (34.7) | 0.486 |
Carbohydrate intake (%) | 66.3 (0.3) | 65.1 (0.5) | 65.2 (0.6) | 69.9 (0.4) | 68.1 (0.4) | 65.9 (0.4) | 65.5 (0.5) | 0.661 |
Fat intake (%) | 16.9 (0.3) | 17.7 (0.4) | 17.7 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.3) | 17.9 (0.3) | 18.5 (0.3) | 19.9 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Protein intake (%) | 15.7 (0.2) | 15.2 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2) | 14.3 (0.1) | 14.1 (0.1) | 13.7 (0.1) | 14.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
N (%) | ||||||||
Low physical activity | - | - | 158 (24.0) | 635 (33.7) | 843 (42.2) | 870 (47.6) | 919 (59.0) | <0.001 |
Drinking < 30 g alcohol/occasion | 1620 (75.8) | 592 (67.7) | 328 (55.0) | 894 (48.6) | 1016 (52.1) | 884 (51.8) | 792 (54.5) | <0.001 |
Current smoking | 1323 (60.4) | 429 (49.1) | 217 (34.0) | 554 (30.6) | 511 (29.1) | 457 (28.3) | 338 (23.0) | <0.001 |
Low income | 479 (17.9) | 208 (21.7) | 184 (24.6) | 526 (21.2) | 508 (20.5) | 415 (17.6) | 355 (18.6) | 0.303 |
Education < 12 years | 1637 (68.7) | 604 (62.4) | 473 (72.5) | 1449 (70.8) | 1410 (68.9) | 1207 (63.7) | 913 (56.7) | <0.001 |
NAFLD | 410 (19.7) | 178 (19.7) | 125 (19.0) | 413 (25.2) | 365 (22.3) | 410 (25.9) | 412 (30.7) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 265 (10.5) | 89 (8.3) | 72 (7.3) | 262 (11.8) | 304 (12.1) | 287 (12.9) | 260 (13.3) | <0.001 |
Women (n = 30,078) | I (n = 4013) | II (n = 2784) | III (n = 2085) | IV (n = 5954) | V (n = 6221) | VI (n = 5093) | VII (n = 3928) | p for Trend |
Mean (SE) | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 156.4 (0.2) | 156.2 (0.2) | 156.3 (0.2) | 156.0 (0.1) | 156.4 (0.1) | 157.1 (0.1) | 156.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 56.3 (0.1) | 56.6 (0.2) | 57.0 (0.3) | 56.8 (0.1) | 57.1 (0.2) | 57.2 (0.2) | 57.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 0.002 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 77.6 (0.2) | 78.1 (0.3) | 78.0 (0.3) | 78.8 (0.2) | 78.3 (0.2) | 77.9 (0.2) | 78.9 (0.2) | 0.009 |
SBP (mmHg) | 122.5 (0.5) | 119.8 (0.5) | 117.1 (0.6) | 116.4 (0.3) | 118.6 (0.3) | 116.0 (0.3) | 117.9 (0.4) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.8 (0.3) | 74.8 (0.3) | 75.0 (0.4) | 74.3 (0.2) | 74.2 (0.2) | 72.9 (0.2) | 73.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.6 (0.7) | 96.2 (0.5) | 93.6 (0.7) | 96.3 (0.3) | 95.7 (0.3) | 97.6 (0.4) | 98.8 (0.4) | 0.241 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.4 (0.8) | 187.4 (0.8) | 184.8 (1.0) | 189.5 (0.6) | 190.5 (0.6) | 190.1 (0.6) | 195.2 (0.6) | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 24.4 (0.2) | 20.4 (0.2) | 21.8 (0.2) | 20.5 (0.2) | 20.1 (0.1) | 20.3 (0.2) | 20.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 22.1 (0.3) | 17.0 (0.3) | 17.8 (0.3) | 18.3 (0.2) | 17.5 (0.2) | 17.7 (0.2) | 18.0 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1751.0 (19.1) | 1744.4 (20.0) | 1773.0 (20.6) | 1572.0 (10.8) | 1682.9 (12.0) | 1748.4 (12.4) | 1618.4 (15.1) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (%) | 69.4 (0.3) | 68.5 (0.3) | 66.6 (0.3) | 71.6 (0.2) | 70.4 (0.2) | 67.0 (0.2) | 67.8 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Fat intake (%) | 16.1 (0.2) | 16.0 (0.2) | 17.5 (0.3) | 15.6 (0.2) | 16.7 (0.2) | 18.4 (0.2) | 19.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Protein intake (%) | 15.4 (0.3) | 14.4 (0.1) | 15.1 (0.2) | 14.0 (0.1) | 14.0 (0.1) | 13.6 (0.1) | 14.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
N (%) | ||||||||
Low physical activity | - | - | 567 (27.1) | 2378 (40.4) | 3152 (51.0) | 2938 (55.8) | 2552 (65.1) | <0.001 |
Drinking < 30 g alcohol/occasion | 2054 (54.5) | 1499 (55.5) | 1151 (58.3) | 2764 (49.3) | 3140 (53.3) | 2573 (53.3) | 2010 (53.9) | 0.164 |
Current smoking | 254 (5.9) | 113 (3.9) | 69 (3.5) | 210 (3.8) | 179 (3.4) | 130 (2.7) | 90 (2.5) | <0.001 |
Low income | 924 (19.7) | 668 (24.0) | 544 (22.3) | 1502 (20.1) | 1392 (20.0) | 1072 (17.3) | 914 (19.8) | 0.005 |
Education < 12 years | 3361 (80.3) | 2196 (76.4) | 1644 (75.7) | 4722 (75.6) | 4665 (72.5) | 3592 (66.2) | 2540 (63.0) | <0.001 |
NAFLD | 819 (18.7) | 542 (19.2) | 388 (18.7) | 1322 (21.2) | 1266 (19.9) | 1088 (19.7) | 903 (21.6) | 0.019 |
Diabetes mellitus | 378 (8.5) | 241 (7.9) | 161 (7.3) | 630 (9.4) | 641 (9.1) | 580 (9.4) | 532 (11.9) | <0.001 |
I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10,870 men in the present study | ||||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 494 (22.3) | 260 (27.4) | 224 (34.9) | 570 (32.2) | 617 (32.9) | 613 (35.3) | 573 (39.8) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 410 (17.8) | 190 (18.3) | 174 (25.4) | 496 (25.0) | 473 (22.2) | 476 (26.4) | 492 (33.2) | <0.001 |
Fat intake ≥ 30% | 115 (7.6) | 60 (8.8) | 35 (8.4) | 71 (6.1) | 101 (8.8) | 124 (11.0) | 141 (14.7) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 158 (24.0) | 635 (33.7) | 843 (42.2) | 870 (47.6) | 919 (59.0) | <0.001 |
Total adult men in KNHANES | ||||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 882 (25.0) | 855 (31.1) | 811 (34.7) | 2546 (36.0) | 2716 (35.9) | 2753 (38.3) | 2177 (41.5) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm | 713 (19.4) | 634 (21.6) | 599 (24.2) | 1963 (25.4) | 2048 (25.0) | 2056 (27.1) | 1750 (31.7) | <0.001 |
Fat intake ≥ 30% | 194 (7.8) | 200 (9.5) | 171 (11.0) | 347 (7.4) | 535 (10.6) | 565 (11.8) | 549 (16.0) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 489 (21.7) | 2334 (31.7) | 3115 (40.0) | 3142 (45.7) | 3042 (56.9) | <0.001 |
30,078 women in the present study | ||||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1110 (25.4) | 789 (27.4) | 626 (28.7) | 1814 (28.4) | 1868 (29.0) | 1481 (26.8) | 1245 (30.0) | 0.015 |
Waist circumference ≥ 85 cm | 966 (21.6) | 692 (24.2) | 529 (24.3) | 1771 (26.1) | 1675 (25.0) | 1254 (21.5) | 1160 (26.7) | 0.105 |
Fat intake ≥ 30% | 224 (7.5) | 174 (7.4) | 143 (8.7) | 255 (5.8) | 405 (8.0) | 456 (11.4) | 493 (15.6) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 567 (27.1) | 2378 (40.4) | 3152 (51.0) | 2938 (55.8) | 2552 (65.1) | <0.001 |
Total adult women in KNHANES | ||||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1199 (25.4) | 997 (27.1) | 923 (28.0) | 2938 (27.1) | 3126 (28.3) | 2869 (27.2) | 2133 (28.9) | 0.018 |
Waist circumference ≥ 85 cm | 1046 (21.7) | 854 (23.5) | 764 (23.4) | 2825 (24.6) | 2771 (24.1) | 2487 (22.8) | 1969 (25.6) | 0.052 |
Fat intake ≥ 30% | 240 (7.4) | 253 (8.9) | 232 (9.4) | 538 (7.3) | 813 (9.9) | 924 (12.6) | 904 (16.8) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 835 (27.1) | 3987 (40.3) | 5128 (49.2) | 5140 (54.9) | 4240 (61.9) | <0.001 |
I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||||||
Univariate | ||||||||
NAFLD | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.801–0.26) | 0.96 (0.751–0.23) | 1.38 (1.151–0.66) | 1.17 (0.961–0.42) | 1.42 (1.191–0.71) | 1.80 (1.502–0.17) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.071–0.61) | 1.86 (1.472–0.36) | 1.65 (1.391–0.97) | 1.70 (1.432–0.03) | 1.90 (1.602–0.25) | 2.30 (1.932–0.74) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.821–0.30) | 1.58 (1.232–0.02) | 1.54 (1.281–0.85) | 1.32 (1.091–0.58) | 1.65 (1.381–0.98) | 2.30 (1.902–0.78) | <0.001 |
High fat intake | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.811–0.68) | 1.12 (0.691–0.81) | 0.79 (0.551–0.14) | 1.16 (0.841–0.61) | 1.50 (1.102–0.04) | 2.09 (1.562–0.79) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 1.00 | 1.61 (1.272–.05) | 2.32 (1.822–0.94) | 2.88 (2.273–0.65) | 4.57 (3.585–0.84) | <0.001 |
Multivariate * | ||||||||
NAFLD | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.761–0.22) | 0.94 (0.721–0.21) | 1.48 (1.221–0.80) | 1.22 (0.991–0.50) | 1.53 (1.261–0.85) | 1.93 (1.582–0.36) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 1.00 | 1.25 (1.021–0.54) | 1.67 (1.312–0.12) | 1.55 (1.291–0.85) | 1.56 (1.301–0.88) | 1.74 (1.462–0.08) | 2.13 (1.772–0.58) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.741–0.18) | 1.31 (1.021–0.68) | 1.28 (1.061–0.55) | 1.07 (0.881–0.30) | 1.38 (1.151–0.66) | 1.91 (1.562–0.35) | <0.001 |
High fat intake | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.841–0.80) | 1.37 (0.832–0.26) | 1.10 (0.751–0.61) | 1.61 (1.142–0.29) | 2.18 (1.583–0.01) | 2.77 (2.003–0.85) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.302–0.15) | 2.41 (1.883–0.09) | 3.03 (2.373–0.88) | 4.97 (3.866–0.41) | <0.001 |
Women | ||||||||
Univariate | ||||||||
NAFLD | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.891–0.20) | 1.01 (0.841–0.21) | 1.17 (1.041–0.33) | 1.09 (0.961–0.23) | 1.07 (0.951–0.21) | 1.20 (1.051–0.38) | 0.019 |
Obesity | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.971–0.26) | 1.18 (1.011–0.38) | 1.16 (1.041–0.30) | 1.20 (1.071–0.34) | 1.07 (0.961–0.20) | 1.26 (1.111–0.42) | 0.015 |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.001–0.35) | 1.16 (0.981–0.38) | 1.28 (1.131–0.46) | 1.21 (1.071–0.37) | 1.00 (0.881–0.13) | 1.33 (1.161–0.52) | 0.105 |
High fat intake | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.791–0.26) | 1.18 (0.891–0.56) | 0.77 (0.620–0.96) | 1.08 (0.881–0.32) | 1.60 (1.321–0.95) | 2.30 (1.902–0.78) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 1.00 | 1.82 (1.512–0.18) | 2.79 (2.333–0.35) | 3.40 (2.834–0.07) | 5.02 (4.166–0.06) | <0.001 |
Multivariate * | ||||||||
NAFLD | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.881–0.19) | 0.99 (0.821–0.19) | 1.06 (0.931–0.21) | 1.01 (0.891–0.15) | 1.03 (0.911–0.17) | 1.14 (0.991–0.32) | 0.141 |
Obesity | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.951–0.23) | 1.13 (0.961–0.32) | 1.05 (0.931–0.17) | 1.10 (0.981–0.23) | 1.01 (0.891–0.13) | 1.16 (1.021–0.31) | 0.328 |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.941–0.26) | 1.05 (0.891–0.25) | 1.06 (0.931–0.21) | 1.01 (0.881–0.15) | 0.85 (0.740–0.97) | 1.08 (0.941–0.25) | 0.155 |
High fat intake | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.831–0.33) | 1.32 (1.001–0.75) | 0.95 (0.761–0.18) | 1.31 (1.061–0.61) | 1.90 (1.552–0.34) | 2.99 (2.443–0.67) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | - | - | 1.00 | 1.79 (1.492–0.15) | 2.81 (2.343–0.37) | 3.46 (2.884–0.15) | 5.02 (4.166–0.05) | <0.001 |
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Kang, S.Y.; Kim, Y.-J.; Park, H.S. Trends in the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Future Predictions in Korean Men, 1998–2035. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082626
Kang SY, Kim Y-J, Park HS. Trends in the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Future Predictions in Korean Men, 1998–2035. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082626
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Seo Young, Ye-Jee Kim, and Hye Soon Park. 2020. "Trends in the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Future Predictions in Korean Men, 1998–2035" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082626