Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion Criteria
- Population (P): Male or female older adults. The criterion for inclusion was mean sample age ≥ 65.0 years. Patients with sarcopenia were included if they met this criterion (age ≥ 65.0 years); however, sarcopenia was not an inclusion criterion.
- Intervention (I): RT, EMS, or WBW interventional programs of any duration. Studies exploring multimodal interventional programs (e.g., RT programs combined with stretching exercise) were excluded.
- Comparisons (C): Control groups, receiving no intervention or placebo intervention. Groups that received cognitive training or other non-physical interventions were also accepted as control groups. Studies in which control groups received any type of exercise, vibration intervention, electrical stimulation, or nutritional supplementation were excluded.
- Outcomes (O): (a) Muscular strength or power, not limited to type of testing or body part; (b) body composition and muscle architecture (including body fat, fat free mass, muscle mass, regional muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass, cross-sectional muscle area, circumference measures, and sarcopenia index) and (c) functional mobility outcomes (timed up-and-go test, stepping tests, sit-stand tests, functional reach tests, etc.).
- Study design (S): Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) that included at least one intervention group (RT, EMS, or WBV) and control group.
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Assessment of Study Quality
2.5. Data Analysis and Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Search Results
3.2. Study Quality Assessment
3.3. Participant Data and Intervention Characteristics
3.4. Effects of RT and WBV on Muscle Strength
3.5. Effects of RT on Body Composition
3.6. Effects of RT and WBV on Body Functional Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Šarabon, N.; Kozinc, Ž.; Löfler, S.; Hofer, C. Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092902
Šarabon N, Kozinc Ž, Löfler S, Hofer C. Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092902
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠarabon, Nejc, Žiga Kozinc, Stefan Löfler, and Christian Hofer. 2020. "Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092902