Allometric Expression of Sesame Cultivars in Response to Various Environments and Nutrition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Experimentation and Treatments
2.2. Soil and Weather Data
2.3. Crop Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cultivars
3.2. Locations
3.3. Year
3.4. Cultivar × Location × Year Interactions
3.5. Correlations among Agronomic Traits
3.6. Principal Component Analysis
3.7. Micronutrients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BARI (Chakwal) | URF (Rawalpindi) | NARC (Islamabad) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | |||||||
Depth (cm) | 0–15 | 15–30 | 0–15 | 15–30 | 0–15 | 15–30 | 0–15 | 15–30 | 0–15 | 15–30 | 0–15 | 15–30 |
Soil texture | SL | SL | SL | SL | SCL | SCL | SCL | SCL | SCL | SCL | SCL | SCL |
pH | 7.78 | 7.77 | 7.75 | 7.73 | 7.84 | 7.81 | 7.91 | 7.82 | 7.61 | 7.59 | 7.69 | 7.65 |
OM (%) | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.1 | 0.98 |
EC (dS m−1) | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.8 | 0.79 |
BD (g cm−3) | 1.47 | 1.49 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 1.53 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.5 | 1.39 | 1.4 | 1.38 | 1.39 |
Porosity (%) | 44.5 | 43.8 | 44.9 | 44.5 | 42.3 | 41.5 | 43.8 | 43.4 | 47.5 | 47.2 | 47.9 | 47.5 |
NO3 N (mg kg−1) | 5.61 | 5.37 | 5.5 | 5.43 | 3.74 | 3.68 | 4.01 | 3.95 | 7.3 | 7.29 | 7.36 | 7.32 |
P (mg kg−1) | 4.52 | 4.33 | 4.7 | 4.65 | 3.79 | 3.74 | 3.88 | 3.82 | 4.13 | 4.09 | 4.19 | 3.98 |
K (mg kg−1) | 139 | 130 | 143 | 137 | 126 | 120 | 136 | 128 | 118 | 117 | 130 | 124 |
Zn (mg kg−1) | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.29 |
Mn (mg kg−1) | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.2 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 0.97 |
B (mg kg−1) | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.4 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Plant Height (cm) | No. of Primary Branches | No. of Secondary Branches | Capsules Plant−1 | Capsule Length (cm) | Capsule Weight (g) | Seeds Capsule−1 | 1000 Seed Weight (g) | Biomass Yield (kg ha−1) | Seed Yield (kg ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivar (C) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
SG-30 | 118.4 a | 5.50 c | 3.74 c | 55.6 a | 2.56 c | 0.263 c | 54.7 b | 2.35 d | 3281 a | 725.0 a |
TS-3 | 114.4 b | 6.72 a | 5.15 a | 47.2 c | 2.58 c | 0.265 c | 54.2 b | 2.46 c | 3141 b | 647.2 b |
TS-5 | 114.1 b | 5.87 b | 4.54 b | 54.2 b | 2.64 b | 0.273 b | 57.8 a | 2.54 b | 2894 c | 734.6 a |
TH-6 | 92.3 c | 0.47 d | 0.09 d | 26.5 d | 3.41 a | 0.341 a | 58.4 a | 2.86 a | 1144 d | 363.4 c |
SE± | 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.051 | 0.65 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.378 | 0.022 | 54.65 | 13.01 |
Locations (L) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
BARI | 115.1 b | 4.07 b | 2.55 c | 47.0 b | 2.82 a | 0.291 a | 55.0 b | 2.70 a | 2614 b | 660.0 a |
URF | 123.0 a | 5.74 a | 4.58 a | 47.4 b | 2.74 b | 0.295 a | 55.1 b | 2.68 a | 3161 a | 632.5 b |
NARC | 91.3 c | 4.10 b | 3.01 b | 43.1 a | 2.83 a | 0.272 b | 58.7 a | 2.28 b | 2071 c | 560.1 c |
SE± | 0.96 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.57 | 0.021 | 0.0034 | 0.327 | 0.019 | 47.33 | 11.27 |
Year (Y) | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS | ** | * | NS |
2014 | 111.4 a | 4.76 a | 3.77 a | 43.6 | 2.81 | 0.274 b | 56.5 | 2.49 b | 2657 a | 617.0 |
2015 | 108.2 b | 4.55 b | 2.99 b | 48.1 | 2.78 | 0.297 a | 56.1 | 2.61 a | 2573 b | 618.1 |
SE± | 0.78 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.48 | 0.018 | 0.0028 | 0.267 | 0.015 | 38.65 | 9.20 |
Micronutrients (MN) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Control | 105.7 c | 4.33 d | 3.08 c | 41.9 d | 2.71 c | 0.271 c | 55.2 c | 2.48 c | 2408 d | 563.1 c |
Zinc | 111.9 a | 4.89 a | 3.61 a | 47.0 b | 2.84 a | 0.293 a | 56.8 ab | 2.58 a | 2858 a | 642.0 a |
Boron | 112.5 a | 4.78 b | 3.56 a | 49.2 a | 2.86 a | 0.294 a | 57.0 a | 2.60 a | 2657 b | 657.7 a |
Manganese | 109.1 b | 4.56 c | 3.27 b | 45.4 c | 2.79 b | 0.284 b | 56.1 b | 2.54 b | 2537 c | 607.4 b |
SE± | 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.051 | 0.65 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.378 | 0.022 | 54.65 | 13.01 |
Y × L | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
Y × C | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS | ** | * | ** |
Y × MN | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
L × C | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** |
L × MN | NS | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C × MN | NS | ** | ** | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Y × L × C | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Y × L × MN | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Y × C × MN | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
L × C × MN | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Y × L × C × MN | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Traits | PH | NPB | NSB | NC | CL | CW | SPC | 1000-SW | BioY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPB | 0.603 ** | ||||||||
NSB | 0.561 ** | 0.927 ** | |||||||
NC | 0.326 ** | 0.652 ** | 0.578 ** | ||||||
CL | −0.469 ** | −0.736 ** | −0.624 ** | −0.540 ** | |||||
CW | −0.195 ** | −0.379 ** | −0.311 ** | −0.077 NS | 0.556 ** | ||||
SPC | −0.300 ** | −0.233 ** | −0.148 ** | −0.153 ** | 0.327 ** | 0.111 * | |||
1000 SW | 0.079 NS | −0.221 ** | −0.161 ** | −0.066 NS | 0.422 ** | 0.708 ** | −0.128 * | ||
BioY | 0.755 ** | 0.869 ** | 0.796 ** | 0.620 ** | −0.667 ** | −0.288 ** | −0.218 ** | −0.142 ** | |
SY | 0.597 ** | 0.717 ** | 0.610 ** | 0.770 ** | −0.624 ** | −0.229 ** | −0.172 ** | −0.097 NS | 0.848 ** |
Variable | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | PC6 | PC7 | PC8 | PC9 | PC10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant high (PH) | 0.307 | 0.237 | −0.251 | 0.518 | −0.44 | 0.232 | 0.218 | −0.328 | 0.238 | 0.242 |
Primary branches (NPB) | 0.389 | 0.025 | 0.118 | 0.118 | 0.403 | −0.043 | −0.166 | 0.462 | 0.453 | 0.458 |
Secondary branches (NSB) | 0.359 | 0.042 | 0.164 | 0.253 | 0.597 | −0.125 | 0.264 | −0.404 | −0.034 | −0.415 |
Number of capsules (NC) | 0.306 | 0.158 | 0.398 | −0.583 | −0.099 | 0.103 | 0.414 | −0.186 | −0.153 | 0.365 |
Capsule length (CL) | −0.385 | 0.16 | 0.128 | 0.183 | 0.024 | 0.054 | 0.725 | 0.454 | 0.157 | −0.129 |
Capsule weight (CW) | −0.222 | 0.57 | 0.271 | −0.073 | 0.134 | 0.574 | −0.335 | −0.101 | 0.208 | −0.184 |
Seeds capsule−1 (SPC) | −0.157 | −0.253 | 0.785 | 0.419 | −0.224 | −0.122 | −0.155 | −0.105 | −0.055 | 0.128 |
1000 Seed weight (SW1000) | −0.129 | 0.688 | −0.023 | 0.108 | 0.02 | −0.62 | −0.103 | −0.009 | −0.252 | 0.195 |
Biomass yield (BioY) | 0.394 | 0.11 | 0.044 | 0.223 | −0.081 | 0.306 | −0.069 | 0.461 | −0.666 | −0.142 |
Seed yield (SY) | 0.372 | 0.128 | 0.17 | −0.193 | −0.449 | −0.303 | −0.079 | 0.203 | 0.369 | −0.549 |
Eigenvalue | 5.84 | 1.78 | 0.96 | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Proportion | 58.4 | 17.8 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Cumulative | 58.4 | 76.3 | 85.9 | 92.8 | 97.2 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 99.7 | 99.9 | 100 |
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Khan, M.M.; Manaf, A.; Hassan, F.u.; Ahmad, M.S.; Qayyum, A.; Shah, Z.H.; Alsamadany, H.; Yang, S.; Chung, G. Allometric Expression of Sesame Cultivars in Response to Various Environments and Nutrition. Agriculture 2021, 11, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111095
Khan MM, Manaf A, Hassan Fu, Ahmad MS, Qayyum A, Shah ZH, Alsamadany H, Yang S, Chung G. Allometric Expression of Sesame Cultivars in Response to Various Environments and Nutrition. Agriculture. 2021; 11(11):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111095
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Meer Muhammad, Abdul Manaf, Fayyaz ul Hassan, Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad, Abdul Qayyum, Zahid Hussain Shah, Hameed Alsamadany, Seunghwan Yang, and Gyuhwa Chung. 2021. "Allometric Expression of Sesame Cultivars in Response to Various Environments and Nutrition" Agriculture 11, no. 11: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111095