Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Literature Review
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Baer-Nawrocka, A.; Poczta, W. Polish agriculture—Changes and regional differences. In Rural Poland 2018; Scholar Publishing House: Warszawa, Poland; pp. 93–108.
- Prus, P.; Dziekański, P.; Bogusz, M.; Szczepanek, M. Spatial Differentiation of Agricultural Potential and the Level of Development of Voivodeships in Poland in 2008–2018. Agriculture 2021, 11, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Redistributive Payment EC 2016. Available online: Ds-dp-redistributive-payment_en.pdf (europa.eu) (accessed on 20 February 2020).
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Baer-Nawrocka, A. Polityka Rolna Unii Europejskiej, Kierunki Zmian i Konsekwencje dla Rolnictwa Polskiego (Agricultural Policy of the European Union, Directions of Changes and Consequences for Polish Agriculture); Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy: Poznań, Poland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Ordeshook, P.C. Game Theory and Political Theory: An Introduction; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Baer-Nawrocka, A. Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU: Expected results and their social acceptance. J. Policy Modeling 2019, 41, 607–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez-Dominguez, I.; Britz, W.; Holm-Müller, K. Trading Schemes for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from European Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis based on different Implementation Options. Rev. Agric. Environ. Stud. 2009, 90, 287–308. [Google Scholar]
- Tukker, A.; de Koning, A.; Wolf, O.; Bausch-Goldbohm, S.; Verheijden, M.; Kleijn, R.; Pérez-Domínguez, I.; Rueda-Cantuche, J.M. Environmental Impacts of Changes to Healthier Diets in Europe. Ecol. Econ. 2011, 70, 447–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weiss, F.; Leip, A. Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU livestock sector: A life cycle assessment carried out with the CAPRI model. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 149, 124–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shrestha, S.; Ciaian, P.; Himics, M.; Van Doorslaer, B. Impacts of climate change on EU agriculture. Rev. Agric. Appl. Econ. 2013, 16, 24–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Britz, W.; Gocht, A.; Pèrez Dominguez, I.; Jansson, T.; Grosche, S.; Zhao, N. EU-Wide (Regional and Farm Level) Effects of Premium Decoupling and Harmonisation Following the Health Check Reform. Ger. J. Agric. Econ. 2012, 61, 44–56. [Google Scholar]
- Kempen, M.; Witzke, P.; Pérez Domiguez, I.; Jansson, T.; Sckokai, P. Economic and environmental impacts of milk quota reform in Europe. J. Policy Model. 2011, 33, 29–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gocht, A.; Britz, W.; Ciaian, P.; Gomez y Paloma, S. Farm Type Effects of an EU-wide Direct Payment Harmonisation. J. Agric. Econ. 2013, 64, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renwick, A.; Jansson, T.; Verburg, P.H.; Revoredo-Giha, C.; Britz, W.; Gocht, A.; McCracken, D. Policy reform and agricultural land abandonment in the EU. Land Use Policy 2013, 30, 446–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baer-Nawrocka, A.; Grochowska, R.; Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Seremak-Bulge, J.; Szajner, P. Światowy Rynek Mleka i Jego Wpływ na Polskie Mleczarstwo po Zniesieniu Kwot Mlecznych (The World Milk Market and Its Impact on the Polish Dairy Industry after the Abolition of Milk Quotas); IERiGŻ-PIB: Warszawa, Poland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Baer-Nawrocka, A. Międzynarodowa konkurencyjność polskich produktów mleczarskich w warunkach liberalizacji rynku mleka (International competitiveness of Polish dairy products in the conditions of milk market liberalization). Gospod. Nar. 2013, 3, 101–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Britz, W.; Witzke, P. CAPRI Model Documentation. Available online: https://www.capri-model.org/docs/capri_documentation.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2020).
- Brams, S. Theory of Moves; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Brams, S. Game Theory and the Humanities, Bringing Two Words; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E. Negotiation analysis using the theory of moves-Theoretical background and a case study. J. Policy Model. 2016, 38, 44–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simon, M. When sanctions can work: Economic sanctions and the theory of moves. Int. Interact. 1996, 21, 203–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeager, L.; Bascom, J. Strategic Behavior in Refugee Repatriation: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. J. Confl. Resolut. 1996, 40, 460–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baer-Nawrocka, A.; Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Poczta, W. Przewidywanie kierunków zmian Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej—podejście zintegrowane (Anticipating the changes in the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union—An integrated approach). Ekonomista 2018, 6, 664–681. [Google Scholar]
- Papadopoulos, A.G. The Impact of the CAP on Agriculture and Rural Areas of EU Member States. Agrarian South. J. Polit. Econ. 2015, 4, 22–53. [Google Scholar]
- Esposti, R. Regional growth and policies in the European Union: Does the common agricultural policy have a counter-treatment effect? Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2007, 89, 116–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heiko, H.; Herrmann, R. The two dimensions of policy impacts on economic cohesion: Concept and illustration for the CAP. Food Policy 2012, 37, 483–491. [Google Scholar]
- Shucksmith, M.; Thomson, K.J.; Roberts, D. The CAP and the Regions: The Territorial Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy; CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Allanson, P. On the characterisation and measurement of the redistributive effect of agricultural policy. J. Agric. Econ. 2008, 59, 169–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Beba, P.; Poczta, W. Local determinants of the Common Agricultural Policy rural development funds’ distribution in Poland and their spatial implications. J. Rural Stud. 2020, 74, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, I. Evaluating EU structural policy. Soc. Econ. 2008, 30, 195–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sierhej, R. EU funds in EU new member states: Available resources and possible economic impact. Soc. Econ. 2008, 30, 181–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, J. Evaluating the impact of European Union Cohesion policy in less-developed countries and regions. Reg. Stud. 2006, 40, 189–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kisiel, R.; Babuchowska, K.; Marks-Bielska, R. Wykorzystanie Dopłat Bezpośrednich Przez Rolników z Województwa Warmińsko-Mazurskiego (The Use of Direct Payments by Farmers from the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship); Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego: Olsztyn, Poland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Sadowski, A.; Antczak, W. Kierunki wykorzystania dopłat bezpośrednich przez rodzinne gospodarstwa rolne położone w wybranych województwach (Directions of using direct payments by family farms located in selected voivodships). J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 2012, 4, 103–113. [Google Scholar]
- Teszbir, H.; Gołaś, Z. Regionalne zróżnicowanie aktywności producentów rolnych w aplikowaniu o dopłaty bezpośrednie (Regional diversification of agricultural producers’ activity in applying for direct payments). J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 2014, 4, 181–189. [Google Scholar]
- Wrzochalska, A. Aktywność rolników w pozyskiwaniu funduszy na przykładzie działania “różnicowanie w kierunku działalności nierolniczej”—Pierwsze rezultaty wdrażania PROW 2007–2013 (An activity of farmers in raising funds—The case of measure 311 “diversification into non-agricultural activities”—The first results of RDP 2007–2013 implementation). Rocz. Nauk. Ser. 2016, 13, 536–541. [Google Scholar]
- Biczkowski, M. Endogenous potential of rural areas vs. the structure and allocation of funds under the 2007–2013 RDP. J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 2019, 1, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czubak, W.; Sadowski, A. Wpływ modernizacji wspieranych funduszami UE na zmiany sytuacji majątkowej w gospodarstwach rolnych w Polsce. (The impact of modernization supported by EU funds on changes in the property situation of farms in Poland.). J. Agribus. Rural Dev. 2014, 2, 45–57. [Google Scholar]
- Wojewodzic, T. Absorption differentation factors of selected PROW 2007-2013 measures the Małopolska and Pogórze Macroregion. Rocz. Nauk. Stow. Ekon. Rol. I Agrobiz. 2016, 18, 290–295. [Google Scholar]
- Rudnicki, R.; Biczkowski, M.; Wiśniewski, Ł. Działanie PROW 2007–2013 “Różnicowanie działalności gospodarstw rolnych” jako czynnik wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju wsi i rolnictwa. Measure PROW 2007–2013 “Diversification of farm activities” as a factor of multifunctional rural and agricultural development). Zesz. Nauk. Sggw W Warsz. Probl. Rol. Świat. 2017, 17, 249–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Więckowska, B. Territorial Clusters of Farmers’ Interest in Diversification in Poland: Geospatial Location and Characteristics. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadowski, A.; Wojcieszak, M. Geographic differentiation of agritourism activities in Poland vs. cultural and natural attractiveness of destinations at district level. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0222576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szerletics, A.; Jámbor, A. Economic impacts of direct payments on agricultural income—A Literature Review. Competition 2021, 19, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadłowski, A. Einfluss der fakultativen Direktzahlungen auf die durchschnittliche Höhe der Stützung für einen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb in Polen in regionaler Perspektive. Ber. Uber Landwirtsch. 2020, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smędzik-Ambroży, K.; Guth, M.; Stępień, S.; Brelik, A. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Welsch, H. Armington elasticities for energy policy modeling: Evidence from four European countries. Energy Econ. 2008, 30, 2252–2264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radulescu, D.; Stimmelmayr, M. The impact of the 2008 German corporate tax reform: A dynamic CGE analysis. Econ. Model. 2010, 27, 454–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bruijn, R.; Kox, H.; Lejour, A. Economic benefits of an Integrated European Market for Services. J. Policy Model. 2008, 30, 301–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pope, J.; Annandale, D.; Morrison-Saunders, A. Conceptualising sustainability assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2004, 24, 595–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- López-Parra, C.; Groot, J.; Carmona-Torresa, C.; Rossing, W. An integrated approach for ex-ante evaluation of public policies for sustainable agriculture at landscape level. Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 1020–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thiel, T. The use of ex-ante modelling tools in European Impact Assessment: What role does land use play? Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 1138–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bäcklund, A.K. Impact assessment in the European Commission—a system with multiple objectives. Environ. Sci. Policy 2009, 12, 1077–1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conforti, P. The Common Agricultural Policy in Main Partial Equilibrium Models; Working Paper n.7; Osservatorio Sulle Politiche Agricole dell’UE, Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria (INEA): Roma, Italy, 2001.
- Tongeren, F.; van Meijl, H.; van Surry, Y. Global models applied to agricultural and trade policies: A review and assessment. Agric. Econ. 2001, 26, 149–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balkhausen, O.; Banse, M.; Grethe, H. Modelling CAP Decoupling in the EU: A Comparison of Selected Simulation Models and Results. J. Agric. Econ. 2006, 59, 57–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garford, C.; Rehman, T. Review of Models for Agricultural Policy Analysis, Research to Understand and Model the Behaviour and Motivations of Farmers in Responding to Policy Changes; Projects EPES 0405/17, Report No.5; CABI: London, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Adenauer, M. CAPRI versus AGLINK-COSIMO: Two Partial Equilibrium Models—Two Baseline Approaches. In Proceedings of the 12th Congress of the European Association of Agricultural Economists—EAAE, Ghent, Belgium, 26–29 August 2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryden, J.M.; Johnson, T.; Refsgaard, K.; Dax, T.; Arandia, A. TOP-MARD Final Report—Scientific Approach. In Toward a Policy Model of Multifunctional Agriculture and Rural Development Final Report Chapter; Alva-Lizarraga, S., Refsgaard, K., Gordon, T., Eds.; Taylor& Francis: London, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Nadler, R.; Burdack, J.; Kriszan, M. DERREG Case Study Report ‘Oberlausitz’ Developing Europe’s Rural Regions in the Era of Globalization. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290982511_DERREG_Case_Study_Report_%27Oberlausitz%27 (accessed on 8 March 2021). [CrossRef]
- OECD-FAO. Agricultural Outlook 2016–2025. Available online: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/f0589695-58d9-425c-8be2-7dc065e5602f/ (accessed on 8 March 2021).
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Użytkowanie Gruntów i Powierzchnia Zasiewów w 2018r. (Land Use and Sown Area in 2018); Główny Urząd Statystyczny: Warszawa, Poland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Sadłowski, A. Skutki stosowania płatności redystrybucyjnej w zależności od wariantu wdrożeniowego na przykładzie Polski. (The effects of the redistributive payment depending on the implementation variant, on the example of Poland). Polityki Eur. Finans. I Mark. 2019, 22, 170–183. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi. Projekt Systemu Płatności Bezpośrednich w Latach 2015–2020 (Project of the Direct Payments System in 2015–2020); Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi: Warszawa, Poland, 2015; p. 11. [Google Scholar]
- Sadowski, A.; Czubak, W.; Poczta, W.; Rowiński, J. Struktury obszarowe i ekonomiczne polskiego rolnictwa oraz innych państw unijnych (Area and economic structures of Polish agriculture and other EU countries). In Struktura Polskiego Rolnictwa na tle Unii Europejskiej (The Structure of Polish Agriculture against the Background of the European Union); Poczta, W., Rowiński, J., Eds.; Wydawnictwo CeDeWu: Warszawa, Poland, 2019; pp. 45–81. [Google Scholar]
- Sadowski, A. Zrównoważony Rozwój Gospodarstw Rolnych z Uwzględnieniem Wpływu Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej (Sustainable Development of Farms in Terms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union); Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego: Poznań, Poland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Rembisz, W. Mikroekonomiczne Podstawy Wzrostu Dochodów Producentow Rolnych (Microeconomic Foundations of Income Growth of Agricultural Producers); VIZJA. PRESS&IT: Warszawa, Poland, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ciaian, P.; Swinnen, J.F.M. Credit Market Imperfections and the Distribution of Policy Rents. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2009, 91, 1124–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hennessy, D.A. The Production Effects of Agricultural Income Support Polices Under Uncertainty. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 1998, 80, 46–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.; Lansink, A.O. Impact of CAP subsidies on technical efficiency of crop farms in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. J. Agric. Econ. 2010, 61, 545–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.; Karagiannis, G.; Lansink, A.O. The impact of direct income transfers of CAP on Greek olive farms performance: Using a non-monotonic inefficiency effects model. J. Agric. Econ. 2011, 62, 630–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tocco, B.; Davidova, S.; Bailey, A. The Impact of CAP Payments on the Exodus of Labour from Agriculture in Selected EU Member States. Factor Mark. Work. Pap. 2013, 64, 1–39. [Google Scholar]
- Van Herck, K.; Swinnen, J.F.M.; Vranken, L. Direct Payments and Land Rents, Evidence from New Member States. Factor Mark. Work. Pap. 2013, 62, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Camaioni, B.; Esposti, R.; Lobianco, A.; Pagliacci, F.; Sotte, F. How rural is the EU RDP? An analysis through spatial fund allocation. Bio-based. Appl. Econ. 2013, 2, 277–300. [Google Scholar]
- Crescenzi, R.; De Filippis, F.; Pierangeli, F. In Tandem for Cohesion? Synergies and Conflicts between Regional and Agricultural Policies of the European Union. Reg. Stud. 2015, 49, 681–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonfiglio, S.; Camaioni, B.; Coderoni, S.; Esposti, R.; Pagliacci, F.; Sotte, F. Are rural regions prioritizing knowledge transfer and innovation? Evidence from Rural Development Policy expenditure across the EU space. J. Rural Stud. 2017, 53, 78–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaplin, H.; Davidova, S.; Gorton, M. Agricultural adjustment and the diversification of farm households and corporate farms in Central Europe. J. Rural Stud. 2004, 20, 61–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zasada, I.; Weltin, M.; Reutter, M.; Verburg, P.H.; Piorr, A. EU’s rural development policy at the regional level—Are expenditures for natural capital linked with territorial needs? Land Use Policy 2018, 77, 344–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soregaroli, C.; Sckokai, P.; Moro, D. Agricultural policy modelling under imperfect competition. J. Policy Model. 2011, 33, 195–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Specification | Scenario 1: Discontinuing the 1st Pillar of the CAP | Scenario 2: Discontinuing the 2nd Pillar of the CAP | Scenario 3: Dismantling of the CAP |
---|---|---|---|
Poland | −0.23 | −0.06 | −0.29 |
Łódzkie | −0.19 | −0.03 | −0.21 |
Mazowieckie | −0.16 | −0.04 | −0.19 |
Małopolskie | −0.23 | −0.04 | −0.27 |
Śląskie | −0.21 | −0.04 | −0.25 |
Lubelskie | −0.23 | −0.05 | −0.28 |
Podkarpackie | −0.22 | −0.05 | −0.27 |
Świętokrzyskie | −0.19 | −0.04 | −0.23 |
Podlaskie | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.16 |
Wielkopolskie | −0.18 | −0.10 | −0.22 |
Zachodniopomorskie | −0.27 | −0.12 | −0.39 |
Lubuskie | −0.27 | −0.13 | −0.40 |
Dolnośląskie | −0.24 | −0.05 | −0.29 |
Opolskie | −0.24 | −0.02 | −0.24 |
Kujawsko-Pomorskie | −0.24 | −0.05 | −0.29 |
Warmińsko-Mazurskie | −0.24 | −0.07 | −0.28 |
Pomorskie | −0.25 | −0.09 | −0.33 |
Specification | 1–1.99 ha | 2–2.99 ha | 3–4.99 ha | 5–6.99 ha | 7–9.99 ha | 10–14.99 ha | 15–19.99 ha | 20–29.99 ha | 30–49.99 ha | 50 ha or More | Average Farm Size (ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POLAND | 20.3 | 13.6 | 18.4 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 10.1 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 10.3 |
Dolnośląskie | 24.7 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 15.0 |
Kujawsko-Pomorskie | 10.9 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 16.4 | 8.3 | 12.5 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 17.3 |
Lubelskie | 16.7 | 14.5 | 20.7 | 13.9 | 13.1 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 8.4 |
Lubuskie | 21.9 | 11.8 | 14.1 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 7.7 | 18.6 |
Łódzkie | 15.6 | 11.7 | 21.3 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 11.5 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 8.0 |
Małopolskie | 38.3 | 22.1 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 3.9 |
Mazowieckie | 12.7 | 10.1 | 19.8 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 12.8 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 9.1 |
Opolskie | 24.1 | 12.2 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 18.6 |
Podkarpackie | 40.5 | 20.2 | 21.4 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 4.3 |
Podlaskie | 4.9 | 9.6 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 14.0 | 17.4 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 14.1 |
Pomorskie | 15.0 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 18.7 |
Śląskie | 34.3 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 6.4 |
Świętokrzyskie | 21.5 | 16.2 | 27.2 | 14.4 | 9.3 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 5.6 |
Warmińsko-Mazurskie | 11.4 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 7.6 | 10.1 | 16.2 | 8.0 | 9.9 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 22.4 |
Wielkopolskie | 15.2 | 10.7 | 13.6 | 9.8 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 14.0 |
Zachodniopomorskie | 13.6 | 8.6 | 14.0 | 8.2 | 9.3 | 15.2 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 11.9 | 27.6 |
Farmers Operating in Regions with a Greater Production Potential | Farmers Operating in Regions with a Smaller Production Potential | ||
Increasing the redistributive payment | Maintaining the existing redistributive payment | ||
Increasing the support available under the 1st pillar | 3, 4 * | 4, 3 B | |
Increasing the support available under the 2nd pillar | 1, 2 | 2, 1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Baer-Nawrocka, A. Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications. Agriculture 2021, 11, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040288
Kiryluk-Dryjska E, Baer-Nawrocka A. Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications. Agriculture. 2021; 11(4):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040288
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiryluk-Dryjska, Ewa, and Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. 2021. "Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications" Agriculture 11, no. 4: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040288