Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.L. and W.L.; methodology, S.L.; software, S.L.; validation, S.L., C.C. and Y.W.; formal analysis, S.L.; investigation, F.K.; resources, F.K.; data curation, S.L. and C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, S.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.W.; visualization, S.L.; supervision, Y.W.; project administration, F.K.; funding acquisition, W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Sections showing the internal structure of the Teejet, Lechler, and Feizhuo nozzles.
Figure 1.
Sections showing the internal structure of the Teejet, Lechler, and Feizhuo nozzles.
Figure 2.
Test system: (a) laser and multicolor beam separator; (b) the transmitting probe and receiver along with 3DOF mobile platform; (c) signal processor; and (d) computer with the FLOWSIZETM software installed.
Figure 2.
Test system: (a) laser and multicolor beam separator; (b) the transmitting probe and receiver along with 3DOF mobile platform; (c) signal processor; and (d) computer with the FLOWSIZETM software installed.
Figure 3.
Field of flat fan nozzles. The small red circles represent the measurement point.
Figure 3.
Field of flat fan nozzles. The small red circles represent the measurement point.
Figure 4.
Cloud chart of droplet size and velocity for five flat fan nozzles at 0.25 MPa and 0.50 m away from the nozzle outlet: (a,b) 2504; (c,d) 4004; (e,f) 6504; (g,h) 8004; and (i,j) 11004.
Figure 4.
Cloud chart of droplet size and velocity for five flat fan nozzles at 0.25 MPa and 0.50 m away from the nozzle outlet: (a,b) 2504; (c,d) 4004; (e,f) 6504; (g,h) 8004; and (i,j) 11004.
Figure 5.
Graph of droplet size vs. spray distance: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 5.
Graph of droplet size vs. spray distance: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 6.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. spray pressure: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 6.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. spray pressure: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 7.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. equivalent orifice diameter.
Figure 7.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. equivalent orifice diameter.
Figure 8.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. spray angle.
Figure 8.
Fitting curves and values of droplet size vs. spray angle.
Figure 9.
Fitting curves of Dx/Dz along the X-axis with different parameters: (a) spray pressure; (b) spray angle; (c) equivalent orifice diameter; (d) spray distance.
Figure 9.
Fitting curves of Dx/Dz along the X-axis with different parameters: (a) spray pressure; (b) spray angle; (c) equivalent orifice diameter; (d) spray distance.
Figure 10.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. spray distance.
Figure 10.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. spray distance.
Figure 11.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. spray angle.
Figure 11.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. spray angle.
Figure 12.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. equivalent orifice diameter.
Figure 12.
Fitting curves of droplet velocity vs. equivalent orifice diameter.
Figure 13.
Fitting curves of ux/uz along the X-axis at different spray parameters: (a) spray pressure; (b) spray angle; (c) equivalent orifice diameter; and (d) spray distance.
Figure 13.
Fitting curves of ux/uz along the X-axis at different spray parameters: (a) spray pressure; (b) spray angle; (c) equivalent orifice diameter; and (d) spray distance.
Figure 14.
Absolute errors between the measured and theoretical data corresponding to the droplet size: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 14.
Absolute errors between the measured and theoretical data corresponding to the droplet size: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 15.
Absolute errors between the measured and theoretical data corresponding to the droplet velocity: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Figure 15.
Absolute errors between the measured and theoretical data corresponding to the droplet velocity: (a) different spray angles; and (b) different flow rates.
Table 1.
Nozzle types of the three brands for mapping. The flow rate increases in the order of AT to ET, AF to EF, and AL to EL. At a pressure of 0.30 MPa, AT–ET are 0.79, 1.18, 1.58, 1.97, and 2.37 L/min, AF–EF are 0.79, 1.20,1.60, 1.90, and 2.40 L/min, and AL–EL are 0.77, 1.23, 1.53, 1.96, and 2.33 L/min.
Table 1.
Nozzle types of the three brands for mapping. The flow rate increases in the order of AT to ET, AF to EF, and AL to EL. At a pressure of 0.30 MPa, AT–ET are 0.79, 1.18, 1.58, 1.97, and 2.37 L/min, AF–EF are 0.79, 1.20,1.60, 1.90, and 2.40 L/min, and AL–EL are 0.77, 1.23, 1.53, 1.96, and 2.33 L/min.
Manufacturer | Flow Rate Class | d | α |
25 | 40 | 65 | 80 | 110 |
Teejet | AT | 0.80 | 2502 | 4002 | 6502 | 8002 | 11002 |
BT | 1.00 | 2503 | 4003 | 6506 | 8003 | 11003 |
CT | 1.20 | 2504 | 4004 | 6504 | 8004 | 11004 |
DT | 1.40 | 2505 | 4005 | 6505 | 8005 | 11005 |
ET | 1.50 | 2506 | 4006 | 6506 | 8006 | 11006 |
Manufacturer | Flow Rate Class | d | α |
25 | 40 | 65 | 80 | 110 |
Feizhuo | AF | 0.91 | 2502 | 4002 | 6502 | 8002 | 11002 |
BF | 1.10 | 2503 | 4003 | 6506 | 8003 | 11003 |
CF | 1.30 | 2504 | 4004 | 6504 | 8004 | 11004 |
DF | 1.40 | 2505 | 4005 | 6505 | 8005 | 11005 |
EF | 1.60 | 2506 | 4006 | 6506 | 8006 | 11006 |
Manufacturer | Flow Rate Class | d | α |
30 | 45 | 60 | 90 | 120 |
Lechler | AL | 1.00 | 632.362 | 632.363 | 632.364 | 632.366 | 632.367 |
BL | 1.20 | 632.402 | 632.403 | 632.404 | 632.406 | 632.407 |
CL | 1.35 | 632.442 | 632.443 | 632.444 | 632.446 | 632.447 |
DL | 1.50 | 632.482 | 632.483 | 632.484 | 632.486 | 632.487 |
EL | 1.65 | 632.512 | 632.513 | 632.514 | 632.516 | 632.517 |
Table 2.
Ax and the fitting degrees for different spray parameters.
Table 2.
Ax and the fitting degrees for different spray parameters.
6504 z = 0.60 m |
P | Ax | R2 |
0.15 | 9.64 | 0.99 |
0.20 | 8.67 | 0.98 |
0.25 | 9.18 | 0.85 |
0.30 | 8.08 | 0.91 |
0.35 | 9.16 | 0.89 |
P =0.25 MPa z = 0.50 m |
α | Ax | R2 |
2504 | 31.22 | 0.95 |
4004 | 29.34 | 0.99 |
6504 | 11.68 | 0.98 |
8004 | 5.15 | 0.96 |
11004 | 2.39 | 0.97 |
P = 0.25 MPa z = 0.40 m |
d | Ax | R2 |
6502 | 16.13 | 0.98 |
6503 | 15.55 | 0.96 |
6504 | 13.94 | 0.98 |
6505 | 11.51 | 0.97 |
6506 | 9.47 | 0.93 |
6504 P = 0.25 MPa |
z | Ax | R2 |
0.30 | 16.79 | 0.98 |
0.35 | 16.46 | 0.95 |
0.40 | 15.32 | 0.98 |
0.45 | 13.63 | 0.99 |
0.50 | 11.69 | 0.99 |
0.55 | 11.29 | 0.96 |
0.60 | 10.91 | 0.92 |
Table 3.
Ax values based on the spray angle.
Table 3.
Ax values based on the spray angle.
α | 25 | 40 | 65 | 80 | 110 |
---|
Ax | 31.00 | 29.00 | 12.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 |
Table 4.
wx and the fitting degrees for different spray parameters.
Table 4.
wx and the fitting degrees for different spray parameters.
6504 z = 0.60 m |
P | wx | R2 |
0.15 | 0.28 | 0.92 |
0.20 | 0.28 | 0.94 |
0.25 | 0.29 | 0.90 |
0.30 | 0.30 | 0.98 |
0.35 | 0.30 | 0.95 |
P = 0.25 MPa z = 0.50 m |
α | wx | R2 |
2504 | 0.08 | 0.88 |
4004 | 0.32 | 0.97 |
6504 | 0.28 | 0.91 |
8004 | 0.38 | 0.96 |
11004 | 0.74 | 0.92 |
P = 0.25 MPa z = 0.40 m |
d | wx | R2 |
6502 | 0.22 | 0.98 |
6503 | 0.24 | 0.99 |
6504 | 0.25 | 0.98 |
6505 | 0.26 | 0.99 |
6506 | 0.27 | 0.99 |
6504 P = 0.25 MPa |
z | wx | R2 |
0.30 | 0.26 | 0.97 |
0.35 | 0.25 | 0.99 |
0.40 | 0.26 | 0.98 |
0.45 | 0.28 | 0.96 |
0.50 | 0.28 | 0.91 |
0.55 | 0.29 | 0.86 |
0.60 | 0.30 | 0.90 |
Table 5.
wx values based on the spray angle.
Table 5.
wx values based on the spray angle.
α | 25 | 40 | 65 | 80 | 110 |
---|
wx | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.74 |
Table 6.
Errors of measured and theoretical data.
Table 6.
Errors of measured and theoretical data.
| Absolute Error | Relative Error |
---|
Dx | 23.74 μm | 8.23% |
ux | 0.37 m/s | 7.86% |