Trade-Off between Root Efficiency and Root Size Is Associated with Yield Performance of Soybean under Different Water and Phosphorus Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Growing Conditions
2.2. Water Use and Yield at Physiological Maturity
2.3. Root Harvest and Root Density at Physiological Maturity
2.4. P and N Concentrations
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Grain Yield and Water-Use Efficiency under Water- and P-Limited Conditions
3.2. Shoot to Root Ratio, Water- and Nutrient-Uptake Efficiencies and Root Density under Water and P Deficits
3.3. Correlation and Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Root Efficiency vs. Root Size on Yield Performance
4.2. Root Traits and Root Efficiency
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype (G) | Water Treatment (W) | P Rate (p) | Grain Yield | WUEG | Shoot DW | Root DW | SRR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZH | WS | P0 | 8.4 | 0.72 | 24.0 | 4.4 | 5.4 |
P60 | 12.7 | 0.81 | 45.0 | 5.7 | 8.1 | ||
P120 | 13.8 | 0.84 | 45.1 | 6.2 | 7.3 | ||
BLD | WS | P0 | 9.6 | 0.52 | 36.6 | 6.8 | 5.4 |
P60 | 6.3 | 0.27 | 56.0 | 13.3 | 4.3 | ||
P120 | 10.2 | 0.39 | 59.5 | 11.5 | 5.2 | ||
HD | WS | P0 | 10.0 | 0.42 | 54.1 | 12.5 | 4.3 |
P60 | 10.8 | 0.37 | 76.5 | 18.0 | 4.4 | ||
P120 | 12.5 | 0.42 | 81.9 | 18.2 | 4.8 | ||
ZH | WW | P0 | 17.0 | 0.74 | 47.2 | 7.6 | 6.3 |
P60 | 24.3 | 0.67 | 88.5 | 16.2 | 5.5 | ||
P120 | 23.9 | 0.69 | 90.2 | 16.7 | 5.4 | ||
BLD | WW | P0 | 15.0 | 0.29 | 98.2 | 24.2 | 4.1 |
P60 | 35.1 | 0.43 | 170.4 | 34.4 | 5.1 | ||
P120 | 32.3 | 0.40 | 172.3 | 37.8 | 4.7 | ||
HD | WW | P0 | 14.2 | 0.23 | 111.8 | 34.0 | 3.4 |
P60 | 32.9 | 0.37 | 179.9 | 44.6 | 4.1 | ||
P120 | 37.0 | 0.41 | 192.7 | 48.6 | 4.0 | ||
G | ** (1.7) | *** (0.04) | *** (7.8) | *** (2.9) | *** (1.1) | ||
W | *** (1.4) | ** (0.03) | *** (6.4) | *** (2.4) | * (0.9) | ||
P | *** (1.7) | n.s | *** (7.8) | *** (2.9) | n.s | ||
G×W | *** (2.4) | n.s | *** (11.1) | *** (4.2) | n.s | ||
G×P | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | ||
W×P | *** (2.4) | ** (0.06) | *** (11.1) | * (4.2) | n.s | ||
G×W×P | ** (4.2) | *** (0.10) | n.s | n.s | n.s |
Source of variability | G | W | P | G×W | G×P | W×P | G×W×P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water use | *** (2.4) | *** (1.9) | *** (2.4) | *** (3.4) | ** (4.2) | *** (3.4) | n.s |
Water uptake per unit root DW | *** (0.3) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
P content | *** (28.5) | *** (23.2) | *** (28.4) | *** (40.2) | n.s | *** (40.2) | ** (69.7) |
P uptake per unit root DW | *** (2.2) | *** (1.8) | *** (2.2) | *** (3.1) | *** (3.8) | n.s | *** (5.3) |
N content | *** (77.4) | *** (63.2) | *** (77.4) | *** (109) | ** (134) | *** (109) | *** (189) |
N uptake per unit root DW | *** (7.4) | *** (6.0) | n.s | *** (10.5) | n.s | n.s | *** (18.1) |
Adventitious root density | *** (1.2) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
AD branching density | *** (0.30) | * (0.24) | *** (0.30) | n.s | n.s | n.s | *** (0.74) |
Lateral root density | *** (0.42) | n.s | * (0.42) | *** (0.59) | n.s | * (0.59) | n.s |
LR branching density | *** (0.38) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
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He, J.; Jin, Y.; Siddique, K.H.M.; Li, F.-M. Trade-Off between Root Efficiency and Root Size Is Associated with Yield Performance of Soybean under Different Water and Phosphorus Levels. Agriculture 2021, 11, 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060481
He J, Jin Y, Siddique KHM, Li F-M. Trade-Off between Root Efficiency and Root Size Is Associated with Yield Performance of Soybean under Different Water and Phosphorus Levels. Agriculture. 2021; 11(6):481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060481
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Jin, Yi Jin, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Feng-Min Li. 2021. "Trade-Off between Root Efficiency and Root Size Is Associated with Yield Performance of Soybean under Different Water and Phosphorus Levels" Agriculture 11, no. 6: 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060481