Effects of Main Meteorological Indicators on Eating Quality of Rice in Lower Reaches of the Huai River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Experimental Design
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Meteorological Indicators
3.1.1. Temperature
3.1.2. Sunshine Hours and Solar Radiation
3.1.3. Rainfall and Relative Humidity
3.2. Difference of Main Meteorological Indicators in Different Growth Stages of Rice
3.3. Effects of T and R on Rice Eating Quality and Physicochemical Indicators of Rice
3.4. Effect of T and R on N Content in Rice
3.5. Effects of T and R on RVA of Rice
3.6. Correlation between Eating Quality and T and R from the Heading to Maturity Stages
3.7. Temperature Characteristics and Optimal Sowing Date Range for Producing Rice with High Eating Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of T and R on Rice Eating Quality
4.2. Temperature Characteristics and Suitable Sowing Dates to Cultivate High-Quality Rice in the Lower Reaches of the Huai River
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Materials | Sowing Date (Month/Day) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | ||
medium-maturing japonica soft rice | Nangeng 2728 | 5/10 | 5/17 | 5/24 | 5/31 | 6/7 | 6/14 | 6/21 |
Nangeng 505 | ||||||||
late-maturing japonica soft rice | Nangeng 9108 | |||||||
Fenggeng 1606 | ||||||||
late-maturing japonica non-soft rice | Fenggeng 3227 | |||||||
Wuyungeng 80 |
Type | Treatment | Appearance | Hardness | Viscosity | Degree of Balance | CEQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | ||||||
SMR | T1 | 6.7 a | 6.7 e | 7.4 a | 6.9 a | 71.6 a |
T2 | 6.6 b | 6.8 de | 7.0 b | 6.7 b | 69.5 b | |
T3 | 6.2 c | 6.9 cd | 6.8 b | 6.4 c | 67.9 c | |
T4 | 5.6 d | 7.1 c | 6.1 c | 6.0 d | 64.4 d | |
T5 | 5.3 e | 7.3 b | 5.7 d | 5.5 e | 61.6 e | |
T6 | 4.8 f | 7.4 b | 5.4 e | 4.9 f | 59.5 f | |
T7 | 4.7 a | 7.8 a | 5.1 f | 4.6 g | 57.1 g | |
SLR | T1 | 7.2 b | 6.3 d | 7.9 a | 7.3 a | 75.0 a |
T2 | 6.8 b | 6.5 c | 7.6 b | 7.1 a | 73.0 b | |
T3 | 6.7 b | 6.7 b | 7.3 c | 6.7 b | 70.9 c | |
T4 | 6.7 c | 6.9 b | 6.5 d | 6.3 c | 68.5 d | |
T5 | 6.2 d | 6.9 b | 6.4 de | 6.2 c | 66.7 e | |
T6 | 5.8 e | 6.9 b | 6.2 e | 5.9 d | 65.6 e | |
T7 | 5.3 a | 7.1 a | 5.6 f | 5.3 e | 62.0 f | |
LR | T1 | 5.6 a | 7.1 d | 6.4 a | 5.8 a | 64.9 a |
T2 | 5.8 b | 7.1 c | 6.6 b | 5.9 b | 66.0 b | |
T3 | 4.9 c | 7.4 c | 5.4 c | 4.9 c | 59.5 c | |
T4 | 5.6 d | 7.3 b | 5.8 d | 5.3 d | 62.6 d | |
T5 | 4.2 e | 7.6 b | 4.5 e | 4.2 d | 54.9 e | |
T6 | 4.7 f | 7.4 a | 5.4 e | 4.9 e | 59.3 f | |
T7 | 3.7 g | 7.9 a | 4.1 f | 3.4 f | 51.5 g | |
2018 | ||||||
SMR | T1 | 7.6 a | 6.3 e | 8.0 a | 7.6 a | 76.3 a |
T2 | 7.3 b | 6.6 d | 7.9 b | 7.3 b | 74.3 b | |
T3 | 6.9 c | 6.9 c | 7.6 c | 6.9 c | 71.8 c | |
T4 | 6.3 d | 7.1 b | 7.1 d | 6.3 d | 68.2 d | |
T5 | 5.9 e | 7.2 b | 6.5 e | 5.9 e | 65.7 e | |
T6 | 5.7 f | 7.2 b | 6.1 f | 5.7 f | 64.0 ef | |
T7 | 5.3 g | 7.5 a | 6.0 f | 5.3 g | 62.2 f | |
SLR | T1 | 7.8 a | 6.0 e | 8.1 a | 7.9 a | 78.0 a |
T2 | 7.5 b | 6.2 d | 7.9 a | 7.6 b | 76.3 ab | |
T3 | 7.3 c | 6.3 cd | 7.7 b | 7.4 c | 74.9 b | |
T4 | 6.8 d | 6.3 cd | 7.1 c | 7.0 d | 72.0 c | |
T5 | 6.6 e | 6.5 bc | 6.7 d | 6.8 e | 69.5 d | |
T6 | 6.2 f | 6.6 b | 6.2 e | 6.2 f | 67.1 e | |
T7 | 6.0 g | 6.9 a | 6.0 f | 5.8 g | 65.3 f | |
LR | T1 | 6.3 a | 6.8 d | 7.1 a | 6.5 a | 69.2 a |
T2 | 6.0 b | 6.8 cd | 6.6 b | 6.1 b | 67.3 b | |
T3 | 5.8 c | 7.0 bc | 6.4 c | 5.6 c | 65.5 c | |
T4 | 5.5 d | 7.0 b | 5.8 d | 5.6 c | 61.5 d | |
T5 | 4.6 e | 7.5 a | 5.5 e | 4.9 d | 58.8 e | |
T6 | 4.6 e | 7.6 a | 5.0 f | 4.4 e | 57.2 f | |
T7 | 4.3 f | 7.7 a | 4.5 g | 4.3 e | 54.8 g | |
Year (Y) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Type (T) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Sowing date (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Y × T | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Y × S | ** | ** | ** | ** | ns | |
T × S | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | |
Y × T × S | ** | ** | ** | ** | ns |
Type | Treatment | AC (%) | PR (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
SMR | T1 | 7.96 d | 8.31 c | 7.36 d | 7.22 e |
T2 | 8.02 d | 8.45 c | 7.51 d | 7.41 e | |
T3 | 8.57 c | 8.43 c | 7.84 cd | 7.63 d | |
T4 | 8.70 c | 8.92 b | 8.11 bc | 7.81 cd | |
T5 | 9.38 b | 9.15 b | 8.31 abc | 7.96 c | |
T6 | 10.05 a | 9.19 b | 8.44 ab | 8.28 b | |
T7 | 10.11 a | 9.54 a | 8.61 a | 8.49 a | |
SLR | T1 | 9.72 e | 8.97 c | 6.81 d | 6.80 c |
T2 | 10.15 d | 9.14 c | 7.00 cd | 6.88 c | |
T3 | 10.61 c | 9.38 c | 7.15 bc | 6.92 c | |
T4 | 11.19 b | 10.32 b | 7.28 abc | 7.18 b | |
T5 | 11.53 ab | 11.18 a | 7.42 ab | 7.26 b | |
T6 | 11.79 a | 11.37 a | 7.53 a | 7.49 a | |
T7 | 11.90 a | 11.50 a | 7.58 a | 7.50 a | |
LR | T1 | 15.49 e | 14.49 e | 6.91 d | 6.82 e |
T2 | 15.71 e | 15.21 d | 7.13 c | 6.97 d | |
T3 | 16.13 d | 15.69 c | 7.19 bc | 7.10 d | |
T4 | 16.21 d | 15.82 c | 7.26 bc | 7.37 c | |
T5 | 16.81 c | 15.89 c | 7.38 b | 7.57 b | |
T6 | 17.25 b | 16.46 b | 7.58 a | 7.70 ab | |
T7 | 17.73 a | 17.21 a | 7.75 a | 7.76 a | |
Year (Y) | ** | ** | |||
Type (T) | ** | ** | |||
Sowing date (S) | ** | ** | |||
Y×T | ** | ns | |||
Y×S | ns | ns | |||
T×S | ** | ns | |||
Y×T×S | ** | ns |
Quality Trait | SMR | SLR | LR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | AC | PR | AC | PR | AC | |
CEQ | −0.908 ** | −0.653 ** | −0.925 ** | −0.965 ** | −0.848 ** | −0.900 ** |
Type | Treatment | Yield (t ha−1) | N Accumulation in Rice Grain (kg ha−1) | N content in Rice Grain (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
SMR | T1 | 9.92 a | 10.05 a | 132.51 a | 132.29 a | 1.26 d | 1.24 d |
T2 | 9.71 ab | 9.82 ab | 129.84 ab | 129.89 a | 1.26 d | 1.25 d | |
T3 | 9.37 bc | 9.51 bc | 126.22 ab | 125.98 ab | 1.26 d | 1.28 c | |
T4 | 9.10 c | 9.20 c | 124.90 b | 124.60 ab | 1.28 cd | 1.29 bc | |
T5 | 8.32 d | 8.49 d | 113.65 c | 114.96 bc | 1.30 c | 1.29 bc | |
T6 | 7.62 e | 7.87 e | 107.49 cd | 107.83 cd | 1.34 b | 1.31 b | |
T7 | 7.11 e | 7.27 f | 102.64 d | 102.04 d | 1.37 a | 1.35 a | |
SLR | T1 | 10.23 a | 10.47 a | 124.66 a | 125.57 a | 1.13 d | 1.13 d |
T2 | 10.02 ab | 10.16 ab | 124.53 a | 124.79 a | 1.14 cd | 1.14 d | |
T3 | 9.54 b | 9.66 bc | 118.29 ab | 119.58 a | 1.15 c | 1.15 cd | |
T4 | 8.97 c | 9.10 c | 113.48 b | 115.29 a | 1.19 b | 1.18 bc | |
T5 | 8.20 d | 8.25 d | 101.07 c | 101.08 b | 1.20 b | 1.19 b | |
T6 | 7.47 e | 7.58 de | 91.88 cd | 94.28 bc | 1.21 a | 1.21 ab | |
T7 | 6.83 f | 6.98 e | 82.51 d | 86.95 c | 1.22 a | 1.23 a | |
LR | T1 | 10.38 a | 10.38 a | 130.37 a | 130.50 a | 1.14 d | 1.14 d |
T2 | 10.05 ab | 10.15 a | 128.20 a | 131.23 a | 1.14 cd | 1.14 d | |
T3 | 9.56 b | 9.70 b | 124.07 ab | 126.59 ab | 1.15 cd | 1.16 c | |
T4 | 8.99 c | 9.10 c | 117.03 b | 120.86 b | 1.16 c | 1.18 c | |
T5 | 8.04 d | 8.18 d | 105.17 c | 106.89 c | 1.20 b | 1.20 b | |
T6 | 7.48 e | 7.58 e | 99.11 cd | 98.37 d | 1.22 ab | 1.22 a | |
T7 | 6.97 e | 6.96 f | 92.46 d | 93.30 d | 1.24 a | 1.23 a | |
Year (Y) | * | ns | ns | ||||
Type (T) | ns | ** | ** | ||||
Sowing date (S) | ** | ** | ** | ||||
Y × T | ns | ns | ns | ||||
Y × S | ns | ns | ns | ||||
T × S | ns | ns | ** | ||||
Y × T × S | ns | ns | ns |
Type | Treatment | Peak Viscosity (cP) | Trough Viscosity (cP) | Breakdown (cP) | Final Viscosity (cP) | Setback (cP) | Consistence (cP) | Peak Time (min) | Pastingte Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | |||||||||
SMR | T1 | 3012 a | 1060 ab | 1620 a | 1951 a | −1392 b | 560 a | 5.19 c | 81.30 a |
T2 | 3075 a | 1137 a | 1716 a | 1938 a | −1359 b | 579 a | 5.23 bc | 80.90 ab | |
T3 | 2692 b | 1063 ab | 1634 a | 1629 b | −1058 a | 571 a | 5.32 abc | 81.23 a | |
T4 | 2666 b | 1092 ab | 1645 a | 1574 b | −1021 a | 553 a | 5.36 abc | 80.46 bc | |
T5 | 2611 b | 1077 ab | 1657 a | 1534 b | −954 a | 580 a | 5.38 abc | 80.34 bc | |
T6 | 2626 b | 1054 ab | 1625 a | 1573 b | −1002 a | 571 a | 5.45 ab | 80.18 bc | |
T7 | 2549 b | 1024 b | 1613 a | 1525 b | −936 a | 589 a | 5.50 a | 79.76 c | |
SLR | T1 | 2759 a | 1470 a | 2067 a | 1289 a | −692 c | 597 cd | 6.05 abc | 72.24 b |
T2 | 2525 b | 1345 abc | 1939 ab | 1180 cd | −585 b | 595 cd | 6.12 ab | 71.20 bc | |
T3 | 2606 b | 1379 ab | 2040 ab | 1227 ab | −566 b | 662 ab | 6.03 abc | 71.81 b | |
T4 | 2567 b | 1407 ab | 1995 ab | 1160 ab | −572 b | 588 d | 6.12 ab | 71.58 b | |
T5 | 2505 b | 1300 bcd | 1932 ab | 1206 bcd | −573 b | 632 bc | 6.12 a | 70.43 c | |
T6 | 2365 c | 1211 cd | 1892 ab | 1154 abc | −473 a | 681 a | 5.97 c | 78.34 a | |
T7 | 2297 c | 1171 d | 1878 b | 1127 cd | −420 a | 707 a | 6.00 bc | 78.91 a | |
LR | T1 | 2699 a | 1612 a | 2693 a | 1087 d | −6 e | 1081 bc | 6.20 ab | 72.19 bc |
T2 | 2652 a | 1584 a | 2665 a | 1068 a | 13 e | 1081 bc | 6.20 ab | 72.63 bc | |
T3 | 2695 a | 1612 a | 2712 a | 1083 a | 17 de | 1101 ab | 6.13 b | 71.40 c | |
T4 | 2699 a | 1625 a | 2739 a | 1074 a | 40 cd | 1114 ab | 6.13 b | 71.41 c | |
T5 | 2537 a | 1524 a | 2598 a | 1013 b | 61 c | 1074 bc | 6.18 ab | 73.01 b | |
T6 | 2572 a | 1654 a | 2664 a | 919 d | 92 b | 1010 cd | 6.28 a | 73.00 b | |
T7 | 2391 a | 1417 a | 2549 a | 974 c | 158 a | 1132 a | 6.08 b | 79.53 a | |
2018 | |||||||||
SMR | T1 | 3234 a | 1256 a | 1783 a | 1977 a | −1451 d | 526 ab | 5.07 b | 82.21 a |
T2 | 3137 a | 1248 a | 1755 a | 1889 a | −1382 d | 507 bc | 5.08 b | 82.11 a | |
T3 | 2806 b | 1201 b | 1691 b | 1605 b | −1115 c | 490 cd | 5.28 a | 80.94 b | |
T4 | 2780 b | 1188 b | 1704 b | 1592 b | −1076 bc | 517 ab | 5.27 a | 80.54 bc | |
T5 | 2656 c | 1154 cd | 1679 b | 1502 bc | −977 ab | 525 ab | 5.35 a | 79.94 cd | |
T6 | 2633 c | 1098 d | 1606 c | 1535 bc | −1027 abc | 508 bc | 5.27 a | 79.71 d | |
T7 | 2574 c | 1114 d | 1645 d | 1460 c | −929 a | 531 a | 5.38 a | 79.35 d | |
SLR | T1 | 2822 a | 1478 a | 2074 a | 1344 a | −748 c | 596 d | 5.83 c | 72.40 a |
T2 | 2555 c | 1309 b | 1889 de | 1247 b | −666 b | 581 d | 5.88 c | 70.80 c | |
T3 | 2616 b | 1401 cd | 2022 b | 1216 bc | −594 b | 622 c | 6.02 a | 70.36 c | |
T4 | 2525 c | 1336 cd | 1930 cd | 1188 bcd | −595 b | 594 d | 5.93 bc | 71.43 b | |
T5 | 2425 d | 1276 d | 1970 c | 1149 cde | −455 a | 694 a | 5.95 ab | 69.43 d | |
T6 | 2314 e | 1178 e | 1851 e | 1136 de | −463 a | 673 b | 5.92 bc | 69.43 d | |
T7 | 2300 e | 1205 e | 1894 d | 1095 e | −407 a | 688 ab | 6.00 a | 69.23 d | |
LR | T1 | 2816 a | 1579 ab | 2542 a | 1237 a | −274 e | 963 b | 6.10 bc | 73.40 a |
T2 | 2703 b | 1554 b | 2552 ab | 1149 b | −151 d | 998 b | 6.10 bc | 71.98 b | |
T3 | 2677 b | 1639 a | 2631 b | 1038 c | −46 c | 992 b | 6.22 a | 72.99 a | |
T4 | 2524 c | 1527 b | 2593 b | 997 c | 70 b | 1067 a | 6.15 b | 71.79 b | |
T5 | 2322 d | 1351 c | 2421 c | 971 cd | 98 b | 1070 a | 6.02 d | 71.06 c | |
T6 | 2310 d | 1401 c | 2479 d | 910 de | 169 a | 1078 a | 6.07 cd | 70.81 c | |
T7 | 2229 e | 1336 c | 2414 d | 892 e | 186 a | 1078 a | 6.07 bc | 70.84 c | |
Year (Y) | ns | ns | * | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Type (T) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Sowing date (S) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Y × T | ** | ** | ** | ns | ns | ** | ns | ** | |
Y × S | ** | * | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
T × S | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Y × T × S | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Type | 2017 | 2018 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tmean | EAT | Rmean | CSR | CR | MRH | Tmean | EAT | Rmean | CSR | CR | MRH | |
SMR | 0.848 ** | 0.873 ** | 0.663 ** | 0.602 * | 0.818 ** | 0.737 ** | 0.958 ** | 0.953 ** | 0.920 ** | 0.878 ** | 0.873 ** | 0.937 ** |
SLR | 0.935 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.317 | −0.118 | 0.937 ** | 0.895 ** | 0.964 ** | 0.967 ** | 0.957 ** | 0.716 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.929 ** |
LR | 0.978 ** | 0.974 ** | 0.458 | −0.093 | 0.938 ** | 0.924 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.959 ** | 0.947 ** | 0.696 ** | 0.777 ** | 0.944 ** |
Temperature | SMR | SLR | LR |
---|---|---|---|
EAT | |||
Yield | 580.6 (±4.2)–724.9 (±13.2) | 574.7 (±2.0)–673.8 (±14.4) | 575.7 (±0.6)–673.8 (±14.4) |
CEQ | 577.7 (±7.6)–715.6 (±13.2) | 572.7 (±2.5)–673.8 (±14.4) | 579.1 (±5.7)–664.8 (±1.6) |
Tmean | |||
Yield | 20.4 (±0.2)–23.0 (±0.4) | 20.3 (±0.1)–22.1 (±0.1) | 20.3 (±0.1)–22.1 (±0.1) |
CEQ | 20.4 (±0.2)–23.0 (±0.4) | 20.3 (±0.2)–22.1 (±0.1) | 22.0 (±0.1)–22.0 (±0.1) |
Yield | ESD | SMR | SLR | LR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSD | LSD | LSD | |||||
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
2007 | 5/10 | 5/29 | 6/1 | 5/21 | 5/21 | 5/20 | 5/22 |
2008 | 5/15 | 5/30 | 6/1 | 5/20 | 5/22 | 5/20 | 5/22 |
2009 | 4/28 | 6/1 | 6/2 | 5/20 | 5/22 | 5/19 | 5/24 |
2010 | 5/14 | 6/4 | 6/6 | 5/22 | 5/24 | 5/22 | 5/25 |
2011 | 5/23 | 5/26 | 5/28 | - | - | - | - |
2012 | 4/18 | 5/30 | 6/1 | 5/18 | 5/20 | 5/18 | 5/21 |
2013 | 4/27 | 6/4 | 6/5 | 5/23 | 5/24 | 5/23 | 5/25 |
2014 | 5/6 | 5/19 | 5/21 | 5/6 | 5/8 | - | 5/8 |
2015 | 4/23 | 5/17 | 5/20 | 5/3 | 5/5 | 5/1 | 5/6 |
2016 | 4/26 | 5/31 | 6/2 | 5/16 | 5/18 | 5/16 | 5/20 |
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Zhou, N.; Shi, Q.; Wei, H.; Zhang, H. Effects of Main Meteorological Indicators on Eating Quality of Rice in Lower Reaches of the Huai River. Agriculture 2021, 11, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070618
Zhou N, Shi Q, Wei H, Zhang H. Effects of Main Meteorological Indicators on Eating Quality of Rice in Lower Reaches of the Huai River. Agriculture. 2021; 11(7):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070618
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Nianbing, Qiang Shi, Haiyan Wei, and Hongcheng Zhang. 2021. "Effects of Main Meteorological Indicators on Eating Quality of Rice in Lower Reaches of the Huai River" Agriculture 11, no. 7: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070618