Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Substrate Preparation
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Chemical Composition Determination
2.4. Rumen Degradable Protein Analysis
2.5. Fermentation Characteristics Determination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Chemical Composition of Products
3.2. Kinetic, Cumulative Gas
3.3. In Vitro Digestibility Characteristic
3.4. In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics
3.5. Total VFA Concentration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | G. bimaculatus | S. grandiflora | Rice Straw |
---|---|---|---|
Dry matter, % | 95.37 | 94.19 | 92.20 |
-----------------% of dry matter-------------------- | |||
Organic matter | 92.02 | 93.86 | 90.61 |
Ash | 7.96 | 6.14 | 9.39 |
Ether extract | 27.79 | 4.42 | 1.46 |
Crude fiber | 9.52 | 13.6 | 38.13 |
Crude protein | 58.52 | 22.48 | 3.27 |
Ratio of G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora | DM, % | OM, % | Ash, % | EE, % | CF, % | CP, % | TP, % | RUP, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (100:0) | 95.37 a | 92.02 | 7.96 | 27.79 | 9.52 a | 58.82 a | 51.42 a | 36.33 a |
T2 (99:1) | 95.75 a | 92.77 | 7.21 | 27.35 | 9.29 ab | 58.00 a | 47.85 bc | 37.95 a |
T3 (98:2) | 96.52 b | 91.51 | 8.47 | 26.90 | 8.65 abc | 56.31 b | 46.62 bc | 39.32 a |
T4 (97:3) | 97.34 c | 91.77 | 8.22 | 29.32 | 8.41 bc | 55.11 b | 46.27 bc | 46.19 b |
T5 (96:4) | 97.54 c | 92.09 | 7.90 | 29.58 | 8.39 bcd | 52.57 c | 46.09 bc | 45.58 b |
T6 (95:5) | 98.37 d | 91.32 | 8.66 | 27.01 | 8.04 cd | 52.65 c | 45.19 bc | 46.74 b |
T7 (94:6) | 98.43 d | 91.92 | 8.07 | 26.14 | 7.48 de | 52.14 cd | 44.64 bc | 47.01 b |
T8 (93:7) | 98.46 d | 97.77 | 8.21 | 25.62 | 6.83 e | 51.15 d | 44.45 c | 53.00 c |
Ratio of G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora | Kinetic of Gas, mL/0.5 g DM | Gas Production at 96 h, mL/0.5 gDM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | a + b | ||
T1 (100:0) | 0.47 | 57.38 | 0.0532 | 57.86 | 40.60 a |
T2 (99:1) | 0.49 | 56.50 | 0.0483 | 56.75 | 41.07 a |
T3 (98:2) | 0.53 | 54.40 | 0.0487 | 54.94 | 41.00 a |
T4 (97:3) | 0.85 | 55.81 | 0.0455 | 56.03 | 42.33 ab |
T5 (96:4) | 1.02 | 56.36 | 0.0539 | 57.39 | 40.87 a |
T6 (95:5) | 0.89 | 56.71 | 0.0575 | 57.61 | 43.00 b |
T7 (94:6) | 0.92 | 53.95 | 0.0594 | 54.87 | 43.53 b |
T8 (93:7) | 0.88 | 54.28 | 0.0565 | 55.17 | 46.23 b |
SEM | 0.14 | 1.07 | 0.003 | 1.11 | 1.53 |
Linear | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.02 |
Quadratic | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.79 | 0.33 | 0.85 |
Cubic | 0.70 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.58 |
Ratio of G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora | In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility, % DM | In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility, % DM |
---|---|---|
24 h after Incubation | 24 h after Incubation | |
T1 (100:0) | 47.28 a | 67.66 a |
T2 (99:1) | 47.75 a | 67.11 a |
T3 (98:2) | 47.71 a | 67.23 a |
T4 (97:3) | 48.33 a | 69.32 ab |
T5 (96:4) | 49.42 a | 71.44 ab |
T6 (95:5) | 52.80 b | 74.75 b |
T7 (94:6) | 57.29 b | 78.18 b |
T8 (93:7) | 64.38 c | 79.35 b |
SEM | 5.74 | 0.17 |
Linear | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Quadratic | 0.75 | 0.54 |
Cubic | 0.95 | 0.22 |
Ratio of G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora | pH | NH3-N, mg/100 mL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | 4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | |
T1 (100:0) | 6.97 | 6.68 | 14.06 c | 21.06 c |
T2 (99:1) | 6.96 | 6.67 | 13.69 c | 20.69 c |
T3 (98:2) | 6.97 | 6.68 | 13.40 c | 20.16 c |
T4 (97:3) | 6.98 | 6.68 | 12.17 c | 20.55 c |
T5 (96:4) | 6.99 | 6.70 | 11.03 b | 20.37 c |
T6 (95:5) | 6.98 | 6.70 | 10.75 b | 18.77 b |
T7 (94:6) | 7.01 | 6.70 | 10.35 b | 19.33 b |
T8 (93:7) | 7.01 | 6.72 | 7.44 a | 15.45 a |
SEM | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.89 | 1.06 |
Linear | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Quadratic | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.63 | 0.90 |
Cubic | 0.81 | 0.49 | 0.80 | 0.40 |
Ratio of G. bimaculatus to S. grandiflora | TVFAs, mmol/L | C2, mmol/L | C3, mmol/L | C4, mmol/L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | 4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | 4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | 4 h after Incubation | 8 h after Incubation | |
T1 (100:0) | 75.05 | 107.00 | 53.41 | 70.78 | 5.61 c | 18.23 | 7.03 | 9.66 |
T2 (99:1) | 76.82 | 103.04 | 54.54 | 70.71 | 5.47 c | 20.41 | 5.97 | 7.75 |
T3 (98:2) | 52.52 | 104.76 | 39.24 | 74.17 | 6.42 bc | 22.34 | 5.73 | 8.28 |
T4 (97:3) | 49.51 | 101.31 | 40.60 | 72.00 | 6.94 bc | 21.82 | 4.85 | 8.23 |
T5 (96:4) | 56.60 | 100.23 | 39.60 | 69.70 | 7.46 b | 23.59 | 4.63 | 8.69 |
T6 (95:5) | 56.30 | 101.55 | 40.04 | 71.08 | 7.70 b | 24.86 | 4.63 | 8.28 |
T7 (94:6) | 54.31 | 100.93 | 40.44 | 73.66 | 11.10 a | 24.56 | 3.60 | 6.85 |
T8 (93:7) | 52.51 | 96.50 | 38.46 | 73.16 | 12.19 a | 26.54 | 2.75 | 4.78 |
SEM | 6.67 | 1.68 | 6.08 | 2.21 | 0.38 | 1.32 | 0.63 | 1.44 |
Linear | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.0002 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.89 |
Quadratic | 0.80 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.88 |
Cubic | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.24 |
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Khonkhaeng, B.; Wanapat, M.; Wongtangtintharn, S.; Phesatcha, K.; Supapong, C.; Suntara, C.; Yuangklang, C.; Vasupen, K.; Khotsakdee, J.; Chanjula, P.; et al. Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101628
Khonkhaeng B, Wanapat M, Wongtangtintharn S, Phesatcha K, Supapong C, Suntara C, Yuangklang C, Vasupen K, Khotsakdee J, Chanjula P, et al. Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed. Agriculture. 2022; 12(10):1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101628
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhonkhaeng, Benjamad, Metha Wanapat, Sawitree Wongtangtintharn, Kampanat Phesatcha, Chanadol Supapong, Chanon Suntara, Chalermpon Yuangklang, Kraisit Vasupen, Jiravan Khotsakdee, Pin Chanjula, and et al. 2022. "Tropical Plant Phytonutrient Improves the Use of Insect Protein for Ruminant Feed" Agriculture 12, no. 10: 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101628