Germination and the Biochemical Response of Pumpkin Seeds to Different Concentrations of Humic Acid under Cadmium Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Design
2.2. Biochemical Tests
2.3. Measurement of Antioxidant Enzymes
2.4. Measurement of the Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes
2.5. Measurement of Seed Reserve Utilization
2.6. Measurement of Lipid Content
2.7. Measurement of the Total Protein Content
2.8. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Germination
3.2. Antioxidant Enzymes
3.3. Glyoxylate Enzyme Activity
3.4. Utilization of the Seed Reserves
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traits | Cd (mg.L−1) | Humic Acid (mg.L−1) | Models | Estimated Parameter | R2 | RMSE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y0 | a | b | X0 | ||||||||||
0 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | |||||||||
Germination % | 0 | 84.0 de | 88.0 c | 97.3 a | 92.0 b | 92.0 b | y = a × exp (−0.5 × ((x − x0)/b)2) | - | 94.6 | 522.3 | 261.7 | 0.776 | 3.33 |
100 | 84.0 de | 82.7 de | 92.0 b | 90.7 bc | 89.3 bc | y = a × exp (−0.5 × ((x − x0)/b)2) | - | 90.4 | 731.3 | 315.6 | 0.632 | 3.55 | |
200 | 81.3 e | 81.3 e | 81.3 e | 85.3 de | 85.3 de | y = y0 + b × x | 80.5 | - | 0.012 | - | 0.750 | 1.26 | |
Vigor | 0 | 7.16 ef | 7.06 ef | 9.27 c | 10.78 b | 12.42 a | y = y0 + b × x | 6.49 | - | 0.014 | - | 0.942 | 0.64 |
100 | 5.52 g | 6.02 fg | 8.99 cd | 8.62 cd | 9.22 c | y = y0 + b × x | 5.67 | - | 0.010 | - | 0.807 | 0.89 | |
200 | 3.98 h | 5.28 g | 7.10 de | 7.13 de | 7.60 de | y = y0 + b × x | 4.40 | - | 0.009 | - | 0.878 | 0.61 | |
SOD U/mg protein/min | 0 | 60.2 f | 62.5 d | 63.3 c | 64.5 b | 65.7 a | y = y0 + b × x | 60.6 | - | 0.013 | - | 0.969 | 0.42 |
100 | 56.0 j | 56.8 i | 57.2 h | 58.5 g | 61.3 e | y = y0 + b × x | 55.50 | - | 0.012 | - | 0.879 | 0.83 | |
200 | 55.3 k | 57.5 h | 58.1 g | 60.3 f | 63.3 c | y = y0 + b × x | 55.14 | - | 0.019 | - | 0.958 | 0.71 | |
CAT U/mg protein/min | 0 | 16.3 de | 16.7 d | 17.7 c | 18.2 b | 18.8 a | y = y0 + b × x | 16.24 | - | 0.006 | - | 0.984 | 0.14 |
100 | 15.1 g | 15.8 f | 16.7 d | 17.4 c | 18.2 b | y = y0 + b × x | 15.08 | - | 0.008 | - | 0.999 | 0.05 | |
200 | 14.6 h | 15.0 g | 16.0 ef | 17.3 c | 18.3 b | y = y0 + b × x | 14.3 | - | 0.010 | - | 0.975 | 0.28 | |
POX U/mg protein/min | 0 | 79.33 e | 80.57 d | 81.80 c | 82.67 b | 84.40 a | y = y0 + b × x | 79.3 | - | 0.012 | - | 0.991 | 0.21 |
100 | 71.57 j | 73.60 i | 76.70 h | 78.33 f | 80.30 d | y = y0 + b × x | 71.66 | - | 0.022 | - | 0.990 | 0.41 | |
200 | 64.33 m | 67.33 l | 69.40 k | 73.43 i | 77.43 g | y = y0 + b × x | 63.92 | - | 0.032 | - | 0.985 | 0.71 | |
ICL U/mg protein/min | 0 | 1.21 d | 1.48 c | 1.63 b | 1.67 b | 1.85 a | y = y0 + b × x | 1.274 | - | 0.001 | - | 0.941 | 0.06 |
100 | 1.00 hi | 1.06 fgh | 1.09 e–h | 1.15 def | 1.18 de | y = y0 + b × x | 1.006 | - | 0.0004 | - | 0.987 | 0.01 | |
200 | 0.82 j | 0.91 ij | 1.04 gh | 1.13 d–g | 1.18 de | y = y0 + b × x | 0.828 | - | 0.0009 | - | 0.980 | 0.02 | |
MS U/mg protein/min | 0 | 2.58 e | 2.68 d | 2.82 c | 2.94 b | 3.13 a | y = y0 + b × x | 2.55 | - | 0.001 | - | 0.988 | 0.02 |
100 | 1.90 i | 2.12 h | 2.21 h | 2.44 f | 2.54 e | y = y0 + b × x | 1.92 | - | 0.002 | - | 0.981 | 0.04 | |
200 | 1.36 k | 1.44 k | 1.61 j | 1.86 i | 2.31 g | y = y0 + b × x | 1.25 | - | 0.002 | - | 0.916 | 0.12 |
Parameters | Cd (mg.L−1) | Humic Acid (mg.L−1) | Models | Y0 | b1 | b2 | X0 | R2 | RMSE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | |||||||||
a | 0 | 23.0 b | 23.1 ab | 23.3 ab | 23.6 a | 23.6 a | y = y0 + b × x | 22.9 | - | 0.002 | - | 0.975 | 0.05 |
100 | 22.9 b | 22.9 b | 23.0 b | 23.2 ab | 23.4 ab | y = y0 + b × x | 22.8 | - | 0.001 | - | 0.947 | 0.05 | |
200 | 22.8 b | 22.9 b | 23.2 ab | 23.7 a | 23.6 a | y = y0 + b × x | 22.7 | - | 0.002 | - | 0.888 | 0.15 | |
b | 0 | −30.6 b | −33.2 ab | −33.7 ab | −34.7 ab | −32.6 ab | y = y0 + a × x + b × x2 | −30.5 | −0.030 | 0.0062 | - | 0.927 | 0.57 |
100 | −32.1 ab | −32.2 ab | −32.8 ab | −32.4 ab | −32.9 ab | y = y0 + b × x | −32.1 | - | −0.002 | - | 0.655 | 0.24 | |
200 | −33.2 ab | −33.4 ab | −34.4 ab | −36.4 a | −36.4 a | y = y0 + a × x + b × x2 | −32.9 | −0.008 | 0.0040 | - | 0.914 | 0.65 | |
X0 | 0 | 165.6 bc | 159.7 bcd | 154.0 cd | 149.1 de | 142.2 e | y = y0 + b × x | 165.6 | - | −0.057 | - | 0.998 | 0.50 |
100 | 170.7 ab | 165.0 bc | 159.4 cd | 153.6 cd | 148.9 de | y = y0 + b × x | 170.5 | - | −0.055 | - | 0.999 | 0.35 | |
200 | 177.2 a | 168.1 bc | 161.1 bcd | 152.8 cd | 148.5 de | y = y0 + b × x | 176.0 | - | −0.073 | - | 0.988 | 1.45 |
Parameters | Cd (mg.L−1) | Humic Acid (mg.L−1) | Models | Y0 | a | b1 | X0 | R2 | RMSE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | |||||||||
a | 0 | 41.35 a | 41.17 ab | 41.09 b | 41.00 b | 41.36 a | y = y0 + a × exp (−0.5 × ((x − x0)/b)2) | 40.1 | 41.78 | 534.9 | 209.8 | 0.833 | 0.130 |
100 | 41.47 a | 41.21 ab | 41.17 ab | 41.32 a | 41.46 a | y = y0 + a × exp (−0.5 × ((x − x0)/b)2) | 38.5 | 41.53 | 108.6 | 181.0 | 0.963 | 0.053 | |
200 | 41.39 a | 41.11 ab | 41.06 b | 41.05 b | 41.15 ab | y = y0 + a × exp (−0.5 × ((x − x0)/b)2) | 41.0 | 41.51 | 452.9 | 247.2 | 0.969 | 0.049 | |
b | 0 | −22.42 b | −22.88 ab | −22.69 ab | −22.11 b | −22.10 b | ns | - | - | - | ns | ns | |
100 | −23.21 a | −23.27 a | −23.50 a | −23.59 a | −23.64 a | y = y0 + b × x | −23.20 | - | −0.001 | - | 0.942 | 0.054 | |
200 | −23.05 a | −22.95 ab | −22.71 ab | −23.25 a | −22.77 ab | ns | - | - | - | ns | ns | ||
X0 | 0 | 140.8 a | 139.1 a | 137.0 ab | 135.2 b | 132.7 b | y = y0 + b × x | 140.9 | - | −0.020 | - | 0.996 | 0.239 |
100 | 140.6 a | 139.2 a | 137.2 ab | 134.6 b | 132.8 b | y = y0 + b × x | 140.9 | - | −0.020 | - | 0.991 | 0.348 | |
200 | 142.0 a | 140.7 a | 139.0 a | 136.6 ab | 135.1 b | y = y0 + b × x | 142.2 | - | −0.018 | - | 0.991 | 0.320 |
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Asadi Aghbolaghi, M.; Sedghi, M.; Sharifi, R.S.; Dedicova, B. Germination and the Biochemical Response of Pumpkin Seeds to Different Concentrations of Humic Acid under Cadmium Stress. Agriculture 2022, 12, 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030374
Asadi Aghbolaghi M, Sedghi M, Sharifi RS, Dedicova B. Germination and the Biochemical Response of Pumpkin Seeds to Different Concentrations of Humic Acid under Cadmium Stress. Agriculture. 2022; 12(3):374. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030374
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsadi Aghbolaghi, Masoumeh, Mohammad Sedghi, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, and Beata Dedicova. 2022. "Germination and the Biochemical Response of Pumpkin Seeds to Different Concentrations of Humic Acid under Cadmium Stress" Agriculture 12, no. 3: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030374